1. Hadjipavlou AG, Tzermiadianos MN, Bogduk N, et al. The pathophysiology of disc degeneration: a critical review. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2008 90:1261-70.
2. Hoy D, Bain C, Williams G, et al. A systematic review of the global prevalence of low back pain. Arthritis Rheum 2012 64:2028-37.
3. United States Bone and Joint Decade. The burden of musculoskeletal diseases in the United States. Rosemont (IL): American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2008.Chapter 2: Spine: low back and neck pain. p.21. -54.
5. Lotz JC, Ulrich JA. Innervation, inflammation, and hypermobility may characterize pathologic disc degeneration: review of animal model data. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006 88 Suppl 2:76-82.
7. Sowa GA, Coelho JP, Bell KM, et al. Alterations in gene expression in response to compression of nucleus pulposus cells. Spine J 2011 11:36-43.
11. Kanayama M, Togawa D, Takahashi C, et al. Cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging study of lumbar disc degeneration in 200 healthy individuals. J Neurosurg Spine 2009 11:501-7.
12. Cheung KM, Karppinen J, Chan D, et al. Prevalence and pattern of lumbar magnetic resonance imaging changes in a population study of one thousand forty-three individuals. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2009 34:934-40.
15. Di Franco M, Iannuccelli C, Alessandri C, et al. Autonomic dysfunction and neuropeptide Y in fibromyalgia. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2009 27(5 Suppl 56):S75-8.
16. Felson DT. The sources of pain in knee osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2005 17:624-8.
18. Ahmed M, Bjurholm A, Kreicbergs A, et al. Neuropeptide Y, tyrosine hydroxylase and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the vertebral bodies, discs, dura mater, and spinal ligaments of the rat lumbar spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1993 18:268-73.
19. Ashton IK, Roberts S, Jaffray DC, et al. Neuropeptides in the human intervertebral disc. J Orthop Res 1994 12:186-92.
20. Sowa GA, Perera S, Bechara B, et al. Associations between serum biomarkers and pain and pain-related function in older adults with low back pain: a pilot study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014 62:2047-55.
21. Larhammar D, Blomqvist AG, Yee F, et al. Cloning and functional expression of a human neuropeptide Y/peptide YY receptor of the Y1 type. J Biol Chem 1992 267:10935-8.
22. Gerald C, Walker MW, Vaysse PJ, et al. Expression cloning and pharmacological characterization of a human hippocampal neuropeptide Y/peptide YY Y2 receptor subtype. J Biol Chem 1995 270:26758-61.
24. Bjur D, Alfredson H, Forsgren S. Presence of the neuropeptide Y1 receptor in tenocytes and blood vessel walls in the human Achilles tendon. Br J Sports Med 2009 43:1136-42.
25. Taylor BK, Fu W, Kuphal KE, et al. Inflammation enhances Y1 receptor signaling, neuropeptide Y-mediated inhibition of hyperalgesia, and substance P release from primary afferent neurons. Neuroscience 2014 256:178-94.
26. Landry M, Holmberg K, Zhang X, et al. Effect of axotomy on expression of NPY, galanin, and NPY Y1 and Y2 receptors in dorsal root ganglia and the superior cervical ganglion studied with double-labeling in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Exp Neurol 2000 162:361-84.
28. Rannou F, Poiraudeau S, Foltz V, et al. Monolayer anulus fibrosus cell cultures in a mechanically active environment: local culture condition adaptations and cell phenotype study. J Lab Clin Med 2000 136:412-21.
29. Intondi AB, Dahlgren MN, Eilers MA, et al. Intrathecal neuropeptide Y reduces behavioral and molecular markers of inflammatory or neuropathic pain. Pain 2008 137:352-65.
31. Haeuchi Y, Matsumoto K, Ichikawa H, et al. Immunohistochemical demonstration of neuropeptides in the articular disk of the human temporomandibular joint. Cells Tissues Organs 1999 164:205-11.
32. Sapunar D, Vukojević K, Kostić S, et al. Attenuation of painrelated behavior evoked by injury through blockade of neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor. Pain 2011 152:1173-81.
33. Silva AP, Cavadas C, Grouzmann E. Neuropeptide Y and its receptors as potential therapeutic drug targets. Clin Chim Acta 2002 326:3-25.
35. Lee NJ, Herzog H. NPY regulation of bone remodelling. Neuropeptides 2009 43:457-63.
36. Matic I, Matthews BG, Kizivat T, et al. Bone-specific overexpression of NPY modulates osteogenesis. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2012 12:209-18.
37. Kastin AJ, Akerstrom V. Nonsaturable entry of neuropeptide Y into brain. Am J Physiol 1999 276:E479-82.
39. Gilchrist CL, Chen J, Richardson WJ, et al. Functional integrin subunits regulating cell-matrix interactions in the intervertebral disc. J Orthop Res 2007 25:829-40.
40. Kang JD, Georgescu HI, McIntyre-Larkin L, et al. Herniated cervical intervertebral discs spontaneously produce matrix metalloproteinases, nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and prostaglandin E2. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1995 20:2373-8.