Tophaceous Gout in the Lumbar Spinal Canal Mimicking Epidural Spinal Tumor
Article information
Abstract
Gout is an inflammatory arthritis characterized by deposition of monosodium urate crystals in joints. Though gout frequently involves the big toe or other extremities, it rarely occurs in the spinal canal. A 35-year-old man presented with left L5 radiculopathy. He had leg pain for 8 months and received several epidural steroid injections. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 1.7×1.1-cm ovoid contrast-enhancing mass, causing pressure erosion of the left L5 pedicle. Microscopic laminotomy was performed at the left L5 lamina. White chalky materials, identified at the left lateral recess of the spinal canal, were removed in a piecemeal manner. The histopathologic diagnosis was tophaceous gout. Although the patient’s radiating pain did not resolve postoperatively, it was dramatically relieved with uric acid-lowering medications. If a mass effect is suspected, surgical removal of gouty tophi might aid in symptom release and definite diagnosis. Medical treatment after rheumatology consultation is crucial.
INTRODUCTION
Gout refers to an inflammatory arthritis characterized by “tophi,” which are monosodium urate crystal deposits in the synovium8). Crystallization is caused by poor solubility of the synovial fluid compared to the plasma and the lower temperatures exacerbate the phenomenon; hence, gout usually involves the peripheral joints8,12). However, in rare cases, gouty tophi involve the axial joints including the spine4,8,11,12,18). The reported spinal gout cases present similar clinical manifestations as other spinal diseases, including back/neck pain, radiculopathy, and myelopathy3,4).
During the past 2 decades, the prevalence of gout has increased about 2 fold owing to the increased purine-rich diet6,11,16). However, the exact prevalence and pathophysiology of spinal gout is still unclear because of its uncommonness. In many cases, the radiologic features of spinal gout mimic other spinal diseases2,4,14,17), which makes early detection and treatment difficult.
We present a case of tophaceous gout mimicking tumor in the spinal canal and review of the literature.
CASE REPORT
A 35-year-old male patient was hospitalized due to radiating pain and paresthesia along the left L5 dermatome. His symptoms started 8 months before; although he had received several epidural steroid injections at other clinics, his pain continuously aggravated. The physical examination revealed that, the straight leg raising (SLR) test was positive at 45°, and the crossed SLR test was positive at 60°. The patient did not show any pain or swelling in the joints of his extremities. He had no motor weakness and showed no significant underlying diseases except hypertension. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a 1.7×1.1-cm ovoid extradural mass-like lesion in the left L4/5 subarticular zone. It showed low signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted images and was heterogeneously well enhanced with gadolinium (Fig. 1). Computed tomography (CT) showed pressure erosion at the medial aspect of the left L5 pedicle, and “punch-out” erosions with soft tissue swelling were also found at the left facet joint (Fig. 2). Simple radiographs of the lumbar spine showed spondylolysis on the L5 pars interarticularis bilaterally.
Magnetic resonance imaging shows 1.7×1.1-cm ovoid extradural mass at the left L4/5 subarticular area, with low signal intensity on T2- (A) and T1-weighted images (B). (C, D) The mass shows strong enhancement with gadolinium contrast.
Computed tomography shows pressure erosion of the left L5 pedicle (A) with punch-out erosions and soft tissue swelling at the left facet joint (B).
The patient was underwent decompressive surgery. A laminotomy on the left upper portion of the L5 lamina revealed whitish chalky materials at the medial aspect of the left L5 pedicle, which severely compressed the nerve root at the shoulder portion (Fig. 3). There was no definite capsule, and the frozen histopathologic report was “crystal deposition.” After the gross complete removal of the material, the left L5 nerve root was completely decompressed (Fig. 3). The final histopathologic finding showed numerous needle-shaped monosodium urate crystals (Fig. 4), which was consistent with tophaceous gout. Postoperatively, the patient presented aggravated radiating pain. With the guidance of rheumatologists, colchicine and febuxostat were administrated. After 3 days of medication, the symptom resolved dramatically.
(A) During the surgery, white chalky materials were identified at the shoulder region of the left L5 nerve root. (B) After removal of the tophi, the eroded left L5 pedicle with smooth surface (black arrow) and decompressed nerve root (white arrow) appeared.
(A) Extradural lesion comprises abundant deposited crystals surrounded by a foreign body-type giant cell reaction (H&E, ×200). (B) Numerous needle-shaped negatively birefringent monosodium urate crystals were identified using polarized light microscopy (×400).
DISCUSSION
Gout in the spinal canal is difficult to diagnose because it is extremely rare; its clinical manifestation and radiologic findings mimic tumor, abscess, tuberculosis, and degenerative spinal diseases2,4,14,17). In the present case, our initial impression was epidural spinal tumor because the ovoid enhancing mass showed pressure erosion of the pedicle. Therefore, a meticulous review of the previous studies is very important for clinicians. Although gouty tophi show various patterns, MRI is still the most important tool of diagnosis. Elgafy et al.4), in their systematic review, reported that the majority of spinal gout tophi were hypointense on both T1- and T2-weighted images (45.5% and 26.5%, respectively), and 47.1% of them showed gadolinium enhancement. The contrast enhancement of tophi is known to be a result of the vascularized reactive granulation formation6,8,19). In our case, the tophi were hypointense on both T1- and T2-weighted images, and the gadolinium study showed enhancement of the tophi and soft tissues around the facet joints (Fig. 1). Although CT is inferior to MRI in differentiating the neural structures and soft tissue, it is very helpful in the diagnosis of spinal gout because the tiny erosions caused by tophi are more distinctly visualized on CT4,8). In our case, remarkable “punched-out” patterned erosions were identified at L4/5 and L5/S1 facet joints.
Based on the previous studies, gouty attacks are not always related to the serum uric acid level; only a small percentage of patients with hyperuricemia develop gout, and about 30% of patients with gout have normal serum uric acid level7,14,17). In many spinal gout cases, the laboratory finding shows elevated serum uric acid level of above 7.0mg/dL4,7,14). Our patient also showed elevated serum uric acid level of 10.4mg/dL. Inflammatory markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein were within the normal range. We suggest that if there is an extradural mass with surrounding bony erosions, hyperuricemia can be a strong diagnostic clue.
The most commonly affected level of the spinal gout is the lumbar level followed by the cervical and thoracic levels5,8,11). This incidence can be explained by the pathogenesis of gout, the location of which is related to the solubility of crystals10,12,13). The low temperature and avascular tissues can decrease the solubility of urate crystals; hence, gout commonly occurs in locations with these conditions10,12,13). Spinal gout can show various concomitant degenerative features, and it has been suggested that factors such as degenerative disease of the spine, tissue necrosis, or spinal injury trigger the process1,3,10). Here, the patient had spondylolysis at the pars interarticularis of L5 bilaterally. In our opinion, this finding implies that the degenerative spondylolysis worsened the solubility of urate crystals at the synovium of the adjacent facet joints and triggered tophi deposit.
Pharmacotherapy is the mainstay of the treatment for gout, which causes the dissolution of monosodium urate crystals by lowering the serum urate level15). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), colchicine, and xanthine oxidase inhibitors, such as allopurinol and febuxostat, are the key drugs4,16). We applied NSAIDs postoperatively; however, the symptoms did not improve. After consultation with a rheumatologist, we added colchicine with febuxostat. After 3 days of medications, the patient’s radiating pain dramatically subsided. We recommend starting the pharmacologic approach early with surgery when spinal gout is diagnosed.
Although the role of surgery in spinal gout is still not established yet, there is agreement that decompression and excision of the tophi are necessary for patients with neurologic complications or severe joint damage4,9). Since it is difficult to identify a gouty tophi without histologic study in many spinal gout cases2), surgical intervention is needed for final diagnosis. In our case, the patient underwent surgery because he presented intractable radiating pain and radiologic studies revealed damage in the pedicle and facet joints. We suggest that early surgical removal of the tophi can prevent further damage to the spinal joints and can reduce the need for additional spinal instrumentation. Furthermore, the typical intraoperative findings should help clinicians administer appropriate pharmacotherapy in a timely manner.
CONCLUSION
Gout tophi in the spinal canal are rare. Even though it is difficult to differentiate, the main treatment is decompressive surgery when presented with neurologic deficits. Pharmacotherapy associated with ordinary gout should be accompanied with surgical treatment because surgical treatment alone cannot resolve all the symptoms, and gout can recur when hyperuricemia is not suppressed.
Notes
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.