Cervical spinal deformity (CSD) is a complex condition characterized by abnormal curvature and cervical spine alignment. It can lead to a multitude of symptoms, including chronic pain, neurological deficits, and functional impairments, severely impacting an individual’s health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Surgical intervention is often necessary to address the deformity and alleviate symptoms, but optimal surgical strategies remain a topic of ongoing research and debate. This narrative review aims to provide an in-depth overview of the surgical management of CSD, focusing on optimizing patient outcomes and enhancing readers’ understanding of the complexities involved. We begin by discussing the importance of preoperative assessment, including comprehensive radiographic evaluation and careful consideration of the global spinal alignment. The relationship between the cervical spine and the reciprocal changes that occur are explored to guide surgeons in their decision-making process. Furthermore, we delve into the selection of fusion levels, emphasizing the significance of identifying the primary driver of deformity. We review the current literature on optimal alignment targets and strategies to optimize surgical planning. By providing a comprehensive analysis of the surgical management of CSD, this review aims to enhance the readers’ knowledge and assist surgeons in making informed decisions when planning and executing surgical interventions. Understanding the intricacies of CSD correction and the latest advancements in the field can ultimately improve patient outcomes and enhance HRQoL for individuals suffering from this challenging condition.
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Investigation of spinopelvic sagittal alignment and its correlations in asymptomatic pediatric populations Hao Qi, ZengHui Zhao, Feiyu Zu, Chenchen Wang, Chenxi Wang, Zuzhuo Zhang, Jianhua Ren, Rui Xue, Zhaoxuan Wang, Zhiyong Hou, Wei Chen, Di Zhang Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Hong Kyung Shin, Jin Hoon Park, Sang Ryong Jeon, Sung Woo Roh, Dae Jean Jo, Seung-Jae Hyun, Yong-Jae Cho, for the Korean Spinal Deformity Society (KSDS)
Neurospine 2023;20(4):1469-1476. Published online December 31, 2023
Objective Two commonly used techniques for spinopelvic fixation in adult deformity surgery are iliac screw (IS) and sacral 2 alar-iliac screw (S2AI) fixations. In this article, we systematically meta-analyzed the complications of sacropelvic fixation for adult deformity surgery comparing IS and S2AI.
Methods The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane clinical trial databases were systematically searched until March 29, 2023. The proportion of postoperative complications, including implant failure, revision, screw prominence, and wound complications after sacropelvic fixation, were pooled with a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses for the method of sacropelvic fixation were conducted.
Results Ten studies with a total of 1,931 patients (IS, 925 patients; S2AI, 1,006 patients) were included. The pooled proportion of implant failure was not statistically different between the IS and S2AI groups (21.9% and 18.9%, respectively) (p = 0.59). However, revision was higher in the IS group (21.0%) than that in the S2AI group (8.5%) (p = 0.02). Additionally, screw prominence was higher in the IS group (9.6%) than that in the S2AI group (0.0%) (p < 0.01), and wound complication was also higher in the IS group (31.7%) than that in the S2AI group (3.9%) (p < 0.01).
Conclusion IS and S2AI fixations showed that both techniques had similar outcomes in terms of implant failure. However, S2AI was revealed to have better outcomes than IS in terms of revision, screw prominence, and wound complications.
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A biomechanical study comparing combined S1AI and S3AI trajectories to other pelvic fixation techniques: A finite element analysis William Sheppard, Arpan A. Patel, Colin Rhoads, Landon Reading, Theodore Rudic, Joshua Wiener, Matthew Magro, Lauren M. Boden, Thomas Olson, Jason Savage, Michael Steinmetz, Edin Nevzati, Alexander Spiessberger Clinical Biomechanics.2026; 131: 106712. CrossRef
Critical Assessment of Evidence Quality of Meta-Analyses Comparing Sacral 2 Alar–Iliac Fixation with Iliac Screws for Adult Spinal Deformity: An Umbrella Review with Emphasis on Methodological Limitations Ali Haider Bangash, Ananth S. Eleswarapu, Mitchell S. Fourman, Yaroslav Gelfand, Saikiran G. Murthy, Jaime A. Gomez, C. Rory Goodwin, Peter G. Passias, Reza Yassari, Rafael De la Garza Ramos Journal of Clinical Medicine.2026; 15(2): 753. CrossRef
Modified iliac screw technique for pelvic fixation: a scoping review of technical characteristics and early clinical outcomes Hanyu Qiu, Dhruvish Patel, Moriah Thompson, Piper Tingleaf, Kishore Balasubramanian, Peter G. Passias, Luis M. Tumialan, Praveen V. Mummaneni, Nitin Agrawal, Ali K. Ozturk, Hakeem J. Shakir, John F. Burke, Chao Li, Zachary A. Smith, Andrew Jea, Angela E. Acta Neurochirurgica.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
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Asymmetric Safety Corridors for Free-Hand S2-Alar-Iliac Screw Placement: Quantifying Direction-Specific Tolerance Around Patient-Specific Optimal Trajectories Se Jun Park, Dong Kyu Kim, Sun Joon Yoo, Hyun Jun Jang, Bong Ju Moon, Jeong Yoon Park, Jun Jae Shin, Sung Uk Kuh, Dong Kyu Chin, Keun Su Kim, Kyung Hyun Kim Journal of Clinical Medicine.2026; 15(12): 4495. CrossRef
S2AI and iliac screw prominence and removal for symptomatic prominence: a systematic review Rafael Garcia, Kari Odland, Paul Lender, David Polly European Spine Journal.2025; 34(4): 1398. CrossRef
S2AI vs. iliac screws in spinopelvic fixation for adult spinal deformity: a propensity score-matched analysis Alejandro Gómez-Rice, Susana Núñez-Pereira, Sleiman Haddad, Riccardo Raganato, Yann Philippe Charles, Franciso Pérez-Grueso, Frank Kleinstück, Ibrahim Obeid, Ahmet Alanay, Ferran Pellise, Javier Pizones European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical Outcomes Associated with Screw Loosening in S2 Alar-Iliac Fixation in Adult Spinal Deformity Yasuhiro Nagatani, Hiroaki Nakashima, Tokumi Kanemura, Mikito Tsushima, Hiroyuki Tomita, Kazuaki Morishita, Hiroki Oyama, Sadayuki Ito, Naoki Segi, Jun Ouchida, Ippei Yamauchi, Yukihito Ode, Yuya Okada, Shiro Imagama Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(6): 1881. CrossRef
A biomechanical study on bilateral SAI annular fixation in the treatment of unilateral Denis Ⅱ sacral fractures Peishuai Zhao, Chengfei Peng, Honghu Lin, Wuqing Wei, Weiyi Pang, Chaoyong Bei Journal of Clinical Neuroscience.2025; 136: 111221. CrossRef
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Low rates of pain requiring sacroiliac joint fusion after countersunk iliac screw for spinopelvic fixation Rahul Kishore Chaliparambil, Mykhaylo Krushelnytskyy, Rishi Jain, Mehul Mittal, Amr Alwakeal, Muhammad T. Hassan, Nishanth S. Sadagopan, Pavlos Texakalidis, Najib El Tecle, Nader S. Dahdaleh, Tyler Koski Journal of Craniovertebral Junction and Spine.2025; 16(3): 284. CrossRef
Comparative efficacy of S2-alar-iliac versus iliac screw techniques in treating adult spinal deformity: a meta-analysis of postoperative outcomes and complications Amit Saraf, Sanjeev Kumar Jain, Sonika Sharma Asian Spine Journal.2025; 19(5): 847. CrossRef
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Neurospine 2023;20(4):1272-1280. Published online December 31, 2023
Objective Although adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery aims to restore and maintain alignment, proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) may occur. While existing scoring systems predict PJK, they predominantly offer a generalized 3-tier risk classification, limiting their utility for nuanced treatment decisions. This study seeks to establish a personalized risk calculator for PJK, aiming to enhance treatment planning precision.
Methods Patient data for ASD were sourced from the Korean spinal deformity database. PJK was defined a proximal junctional angle (PJA) of ≥ 20° at the final follow-up, or an increase in PJA of ≥ 10° compared to the preoperative values. Multivariable analysis was performed to identify independent variables. Subsequently, 5 machine learning models were created to predict individualized PJK risk post-ASD surgery. The most efficacious model was deployed as an online and interactive calculator.
Results From a pool of 201 patients, 49 (24.4%) exhibited PJK during the follow-up period. Through multivariable analysis, postoperative PJA, body mass index, and deformity type emerged as independent predictors for PJK. When testing machine learning models using study results and previously reported variables as hyperparameters, the random forest model exhibited the highest accuracy, reaching 83%, with an area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of 0.76. This model has been launched as a freely accessible tool at: (https://snuspine.shinyapps.io/PJKafterASD/).
Conclusion An online calculator, founded on the random forest model, has been developed to gauge the risk of PJK following ASD surgery. This may be a useful clinical tool for surgeons, allowing them to better predict PJK probabilities and refine subsequent therapeutic strategies.
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Objective Multilevel or revisional posterior spinal surgery is prone to infection and delayed wound healing, related with the wound closure time and suture strength. Knotless barbed suture is an innovative self-locking, multianchor suture. This study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the knotless barbed suture and self-adhering mesh with polymeric glue in multilevel or revisional posterior spinal surgery.
Methods This is a single-center retrospective matched cohort study. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on the wound closure method: barbed suture group with novel wound closure, and conventional suture group with conventional wound closure, 1:1 matched by the level of surgery and sex, resulting in 120 subjects each. Total operation time and wound closure time were measured intraoperatively, and perioperative clinical outcome parameters including postoperative wound complication were investigated for the first 3 months postoperatively. The distribution of continuous variables was assessed for normality by Shapiro-Wilk test, then parametric or nonparametric tests were applied accordingly (paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test).
Results Wound closure time was significantly shorter with the novel barbed suture than with conventional suture in all subgroups divided by the level of spinal surgery: 3–5, 6–9, ≥ 10 levels (p < 0.001). The 2 groups showed no significant differences in surgical complications (p = 1.000). Specially, total operation time and wound-closing time were significantly shorter in revisional subgroup.
Conclusion Absorbable knotless barbed suture and self-adhering mesh with polymeric glue can shorten spinal wound closure time with noninferiority in complications for multilevel or revisional spinal surgery.
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Proximal junction kyphosis (PJK) is a common imaging finding after long-level fusion, and proximal junctional failure (PJF) is an aggravated form of the progressive disease spectrum of PJK. This includes vertebral fracture of upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) or UIV+1, instability between UIV and UIV+1, neurological deterioration requiring surgery. Many studies have reported on PJK and PJF after long segment instrumentation for adult spinal deformity (ASD). In particular, for spine deformity surgeons, risk factors and prevention strategies of PJK and PJF are very important to minimize reoperation. Therefore, this review aims to help reduce the occurrence of PJK and PJF by updating the latest contents of PJK and PJF by 2023, focusing on the risk factors and prevention strategies of PJK and PJF. We conducted a search on multiple database for articles published until February 2023 using the search keywords “proximal junctional kyphosis,” “proximal junctional failure,” “proximal junctional disease,” and “adult spinal deformity.” Finally, 103 papers were included in this study. Numerous factors have been suggested as potential risks for the development of PJK and PJF, including a high body mass index, inadequate postoperative sagittal balance and overcorrection, advanced age, pelvic instrumentation, and osteoporosis. Recently, with the increasing elderly population, sarcopenia has been emphasized. The quality and quantity of muscle in the surgical site have been suggested as new risk factor. Therefore, spine surgeon should understand the pathophysiology of PJK and PJF, as well as individual risk factors, in order to develop appropriate prevention strategies for each patient.
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In the last 20 years, sagittal alignment and balance of the spine have become one of the most important issues in the field of spine surgery. Recent studies emphasize that sagittal balance and alignment are more important for health-related quality of life. The understanding of normal and abnormal sagittal alignment of the spine is necessary for the diagnosis and appropriate treatment of adult spinal deformity (ASD), and we will discuss the currently used classification of ASD, the parameters of sagittal alignment that are essential for the diagnosis of spinal deformity, compensatory actions to maintain sagittal balance, and the relationship between sagittal alignment and clinical symptoms. Furthermore, we will also discuss the recently introduced Global Alignment and Proportion scores. The Korean Spinal Deformity Society is publishing a series of review articles on spinal deformities to help spine surgeons better understand spinal deformities.
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Over the last few decades, the importance of the sagittal plane and its contour has gained significant recognition. Through full-body stereoradiography, the understanding of compensatory mechanisms, and the concept of global balance and reciprocal change has expanded. There have been a few reports describing how cervical realignment surgery affects global spinal alignment (GSA) and global balance. Despite the research efforts, the concept of reciprocal change and global balance is still perplexing. Understanding the compensatory status and main drivers of deformity in a patient is vital because the compensatory mechanisms may resolve reciprocally following cervical realignment surgery. A meticulous preoperative evaluation of the whole-body alignment, including the pelvis and lower extremities, is paramount to appreciate optimal GSA in the correction of spinal malalignment. This study aims to summarize relevant literature on the reciprocal changes in the whole body caused by cervical realignment surgery and review recent perspectives regarding cervical compensatory mechanisms.
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Sagittal balance of the cervical spine in adults: a non-systematic literature review R. S. Chernyshyov, V. B. Lebedev, B. R. Kinzyagulov, A. A. Zuev Russian Journal of Spine Surgery (Khirurgiya Pozvonochnika).2026; 23(1): 92. CrossRef
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Objective C2 slope (C2S), a cervical parameter mathematically approximated as T1 slope minus cervical lordosis (T1S–CL), predicts functional improvement in cervical deformity patients. Nonetheless, C2S is a positional parameter based only on the horizontal axis. The current study aims to introduce novel odontoid parameters and establish their relationships with patient-reported health-related quality of life (HRQoL).
Methods Lateral plain radiographs of 32 adults who underwent multilevel posterior cervical fusion were analyzed. The odontoid parameters included odontoid incidence (OI), C2S, odontoid tilt (OT), and gravity line-C2 distance (GL-C2), while the cervical parameters were the Cobb angle at C0–1, C1–2, C0–2, C2–7, C2–7 sagittal vertical axis (cSVA), T1 slope, and T1S–CL. The range of motion (ROM) of the occipito-atlantoaxial complex was measured in flexion and extension plain radiographs. Scores on the Neck Disability Index (NDI) and visual analogue scale (VAS) for axial neck (VASn) and arm pain were measured.
Results Compared to asymptomatic subjects, patients had larger C2S, cSVA, and T1S–CL, and smaller OT. Preoperatively, OI was significantly correlated with the ROM of C1–2 (r = 0.37, p < 0.05) and C0–2 (r = 0.46, p < 0.01). OT and C2S had significant correlations with the C0–1, C1–2, and C0–2 angles, GL-C2, and T1S–CL. Postoperative NDI scores were significantly correlated with OI (r = -0.40, p < 0.05) and OT (ρ = -0.37, p < 0.05). VASn was significantly correlated with GL-C2 (r = -0.35, p < 0.05).
Conclusion The odontoid parameters were significantly correlated with established cervical parameters and HRQoL measures. OI is a constant parameter representing the individual's compensatory reservoir at the upper cervical spine.
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Objective This study is an investigator-initiated, prospective, randomized, controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the combined use of recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) and a hydroxyapatite (HA) carrier in multilevel fusion in patients with adult spinal deformity (ASD).
Methods Thirty patients underwent posterolateral fusion for lumbar spinal deformities at 3 to 5 segments between L1 and S1. The patients received rhBMP-2+HA or HA on the left or right side of the transverse processes. They were followed up regularly at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Fusion was defined according to the bone bridging on computed tomography scans. The fusion rate per segment was subanalyzed. Function and quality of life as well as pain in the lower back and lower extremities were evaluated.
Results The union rate for the rhBMP-2+HA group was 100% at 6 and 12 months. The union rate for the HA group was 77.8% (21 of 27) at 6 months and 88.0% (22 of 25) at 12 months (p = 0.014 at 6 months; not significant at 12 months). All segments were fused at 6 and 12 months in the rhBMP-2+HA group (p < 0.001). In the HA group, 108 of 115 segments (93.5%) were fused at 6 months and 105 of 109 segments (96.3%) at 12 months. Other clinical parameters (visual analogue scale, 36-item Short Form Health Survey, and Scoliosis Research Society-22 scores) improved compared to baseline.
Conclusion Combining rhBMP-2 and an HA carrier is a safe and effective method to achieve multilevel fusion in patients with ASD.
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Objective By using angulation of the axis itself, this study aims to define and analyze odontoid incidence (OI) and odontoid tilt (OT) as novel cervical alignment parameters and investigate their correlations with cervical alignment.
Methods Novel and existing parameters were measured with whole-spine lateral plain radiographs and EOS images of 42 adults without cervical symptoms. The correlations of OI, OT, C2 slope (C2S), and T1 slope (T1S) were calculated.
Results The OI, OT, and C2S showed significant correlations with C2–7 angle (r = 0.43, r = -0.42, r = 0.62, respectively) and C0–2 angle (r = -0.33, r = 0.48, r = -0.61, respectively). OI, OT, T1S were independent predictors of the C2–7 angle in univariate regression analysis (adjusted-R2 = 0.17, R2 = 0.15, R2 = 0.28, respectively). OI, OT, and T1S were independent predictors in the multivariable regression analysis with estimated standardized coefficients of 0.36, -0.67, -0.69, respectively (adjusted- R2 = 0.80, p < 0.001). Regarding the C0–2 angle, OI and OT were independent predictors in the univariate regression analysis (adjusted-R2 = 0.08, R2 = 0.21, respectively).
Conclusion OI, OT, and C2S had significant correlations with cervical alignment. As the pelvic incidence, the OI is the only anatomical and constant parameter that could be used as a reference point related to the cervical spine from the rostral end. The study results may serve as baseline data for further studies on the alignment and balance of the cervical spine.
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Objective To determine whether the last touched vertebra (LTV) on supine radiographs is suitable for the lower instrumented vertebra (LIV) in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) correction surgery.
Methods In total, 57 patients were included in the study following posterior instrumentation and fusion. The average follow-up period was 2.2 years. Patients were classified into 4 groups according to the relationship of the location of LIV, LTV, and the last substantially touched vertebra (LSTV) on upright radiographs and the LTV on supine radiographs. In group 1, the upright LTV and supine LTV were the same. Group 1 was subdivided into group 1A and group 1B according to whether the LTV and LSTV were different or the same, respectively. In group 2, the upright LTV was selected as the LIV, whereas in group 3, the supine LTV was selected as the LIV. The baseline characteristics and the preoperative and postoperative radiographic/clinical outcomes of the groups were analyzed.
Results No differences were found in the preoperative clinical and radiographic baseline characteristics of the 4 groups except the LIV-central sacral vertical line distance. The immediate, 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year postoperative outcomes were not significantly different among the 4 groups. One patient (4.3%) in group 1A experienced radiographic addingon without clinical symptoms. No patients underwent revision surgery.
Conclusion The group in whom the LIV was selected as the LTV on supine x-rays showed similar postoperative radiographic and clinical results to other groups. The LTV on preoperative supine radiographs is acceptable as the LIV in AIS surgery to maximize motion segments.
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This paper is an overview of various features of regional anesthesia (RA) and aims to introduce spine surgeons unfamiliar with RA. RA is commonly used for procedures that involve the lower extremities, perineum, pelvic girdle, or lower abdomen. However, general anesthesia (GA) is preferred and most commonly used for lumbar spine surgery. Spinal anesthesia (SA) and epidural anesthesia (EA) are the most commonly used RA methods, and a combined method of SA and EA (CSE). Compared to GA, RA offers numerous benefits including reduced intraoperative blood loss, arterial and venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, perioperative cardiac ischemic incidents, renal failure, hypoxic episodes in the postanesthetic care unit, postoperative morbidity and mortality, and decreased incidence of cognitive dysfunction. In spine surgery, RA is associated with lower pain scores, postoperative nausea and vomiting, positioning injuries, shorter anesthesia time, and higher patient satisfaction. Currently, RA is mostly used in short lumbar spine surgeries. However, recent findings illustrate the possibility of applying RA in spinal tumors and spinal fusion. Various researches reveal that SA is an effective alternative to GA with lower minor complications incidence. Comprehensive insight on RA will promote spine surgery under RA, thereby broadening the horizon of spine surgery under RA.
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The Influence of Regional Anesthesia on the Systemic Stress Response Tomasz Reysner, Katarzyna Wieczorowska-Tobis, Grzegorz Kowalski, Monika Grochowicka, Monika Pyszczorska, Aleksander Mularski, Malgorzata Reysner Reports.2024; 7(4): 89. CrossRef
Degenerative Lumbar Spine Surgeries Under Regional Anesthesia in a Developing Country: An Initial Case Series Oswin Godfrey, Rabeet Tariq, Saad Akhtar Khan, Manzar Hussain, Urooba Ahmed Cureus.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Risk Factors for Thirty-Day Readmission Following Lumbar Surgery: A Meta-Analysis Dong Ping Wang, Hao Shi Hu, Xin Ze Zheng, Xiao Ling Lei, Hao Hua Guo, Wen Qing Liao, Jian Wang World Neurosurgery.2023; 172: e467. CrossRef
Spinal Versus General Anesthesia for Spine Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Series Seyed Abdolhadi Daneshi, Mohsen Nabiuni, Morteza Taheri, Reza Pour Roustaei Ardekani Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Spinal Versus General Anesthesia for Lumbar Decompression or Sequestrectomy in Patients Over 75 Years Florinella Kindris, Gregory Zegarek, Ferdinand A. Krappel, Wolfgang N. Perrig, Samuel L. Schmid Clinical Spine Surgery.2023; 36(7): E329. CrossRef
Awake spinal anesthesia facilitates spine surgery in poor surgical candidates: A case series David A.W. Sykes, Troy Q. Tabarestani, David S. Salven, Nauman S. Chaudhry, Timothy Y. Wang, Oren N. Gottfried, Christopher I. Shaffrey, Nicole R. Guinn, Jeffrey Gadsden, Chakib M. Ayoub, W. Michael Bullock, Miles Berger, Muhammad M. Abd-El-Barr Neurochirurgie.2023; 69(3): 101444. CrossRef
Efficacy of the erector spinae plane block with sedation for unilateral biportal endoscopic spine surgery and comparison with other anesthetic methods Tae Hoon Kang, Won Joong Kim, Jae Hyup Lee Acta Neurochirurgica.2023; 165(9): 2651. CrossRef
The Hitchhiker's Guide to Spine Awake Surgery. The Oxford SAS Protocol and Early Outcomes Paolo Rizzo, Helen Hann, Ben Coombs, Ali Asgar Hatim Ali, Amanda Stretton, Murtuza Sikander World Neurosurgery.2023; 176: e289. CrossRef
Cost-utility analysis of endoscopic lumbar discectomy following a uniform clinical pathway in the Korean national health insurance system Chi Heon Kim, Yunhee Choi, Chun Kee Chung, Seung Heon Yang, Chang-Hyun Lee, Sung Bae Park, Keewon Kim, Sun Gun Chung, Sathish Muthu PLOS ONE.2023; 18(6): e0287092. CrossRef
Assessing the Safety and Efficacy of Spinal Anesthesia in Patients with Significant Comorbidities Tameem Ahsan, Andy Y. Wang, Helen Karimi, Matthew J. Kanter, Michelle Olmos, Jacob J. Kosarchuk, Konstantin Balonov, Penny Liu, Ron I. Riesenburger, James Kryzanski World Neurosurgery.2023; 177: e110. CrossRef
Anesthesia for same day neurosurgery with updates on awake craniotomy and awake spine surgery Neeraja Ajayan, Ajay Prasad Hrishi, Girija Prasad Rath Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology.2023; 36(5): 500. CrossRef
Optimizing Perioperative Care for Spine Surgery: Exploring the Benefits and Techniques of Regional Anesthesia Mohamad Bydon, Karim Rizwan Nathani, Sufyan Ibrahim World Neurosurgery.2023; 180: 226. CrossRef
Regional Anesthesia Subarachnoid Blockade (RASAB) in Scoliosis Patients Eko Setijanto, Kiel Pino Putra Indonesian Journal of Anesthesiology and Reanimation.2023; 5(1): 51. CrossRef
Hemostats in Spine Surgery: Literature Review and Expert Panel Recommendations J.C. Le Huec, S. AlEissa, A.J. Bowey, B. Debono, A. El-Shawarbi, N. Fernández-Baillo, K.S. Han, A. Martin-Benlloch, R. Pflugmacher, P. Sabatier, D. Vanni, I. Walker, T. Warren, S. Litrico Neurospine.2022; 19(1): 1. CrossRef
Graded Epidural Anesthesia for Non-cardiac Surgery in the Prone Position in a Patient With Low Ejection Fraction Mamta Jain, Nitu Yadav, Anish K Singh Cureus.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Safety and feasibility of spinal anesthesia during simple and complex lumbar spine surgery in the extreme elderly (≥80 years of age) Andy Y. Wang, Michelle Olmos, Tameem Ahsan, Jacob J. Kosarchuk, Penny Liu, Ron I. Riesenburger, James Kryzanski Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery.2022; 219: 107316. CrossRef
Assessing the impact of spinal versus general anesthesia on postoperative urinary retention in elective spinal surgery patients Nicholas S. Hernandez, Andy Y. Wang, Matthew Kanter, Michelle Olmos, Tameem Ahsan, Penny Liu, Konstantin Balonov, Ron I. Riesenburger, James Kryzanski Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery.2022; 222: 107454. CrossRef
Clinical Impact and Correlations of Odontoid Parameters Following Multilevel Posterior Cervical Fusion Surgery Jae-Koo Lee, Seung-Jae Hyun, Seung Heon Yang, Ki-Jeong Kim Neurospine.2022; 19(4): 912. CrossRef
Awake Unilateral Biportal Endoscopic Thoracic Decompression - Technical Note - Tae Hoon Kang, Won Joong Kim Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery.2022; 29(4): 143. CrossRef
Narrative Review of Uniportal, Transforaminal Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy Woon Tak Yuh, Chang-Hyun Lee, Chun Kee Chung, Chi Heon Kim International journal of Pain.2022; 13(1): 11. CrossRef
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