Objective Paravertebral foramen screws (PVFSs) have been developed for better pullout strength than lateral mass screws do and lower the risk of vertebral artery and nerve injury than do pedicle screws. While the original method involves insertion using lateral fluoroscopy, its reliability may be limited. This report is the first to assess the accuracy of PVFS insertion under navigation. Given the inherent inaccuracies associated with navigation systems, the authors propose and evaluate a novel stepwise method of inserting PVFSs, called stepwise PVFS with a focus on achieving the correct screw tip location for good cortical bone purchase.
Methods The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of 12 patients (78 screws) who underwent cervical spine fixation with stepwise PVFS under O-arm navigation between October 2022 and February 2024. The accuracy of screw placement was evaluated using postoperative computed tomography (CT) scans.
Results A total of 78 PVFSs were inserted in 5 men and 7 women, with an average age of 75 years (range, 52–85 years). The mean follow-up period was 471 days (range, 47–834 days). There were no adverse events related to screw insertion. Postoperative CT scans revealed that 70 screws (90%) were placed in the ideal position. Among the 8 screws that did not achieve the ideal position, 4 had lateral deviation (located in a lateral mass), whereas the other 4 were too short. There were no cases of screw loosening at the final follow-up.
Conclusion The present study demonstrates that the stepwise PVFS method under navigation guidance achieves higher accuracy in PVFS placement compared with conventional fluoroscopy-guided PVFS, as reported in previous studies.
Abhinav K. Sharma, Rafael Garcia de Oliveira, Siravich Suvithayasiri, Piya Chavalparit, Chien Chun Chang, Yong H. Kim, Charla R. Fischer, Sang Lee, Samuel Cho, Jin-Sung Kim, Don Young Park
Neurospine 2025;22(1):105-117. Published online March 31, 2025
Endoscopic spine surgery (ESS) is growing in popularity worldwide. An expanding body of literature demonstrates rapid functional recovery with reduced morbidity compared to open techniques. Both full endoscopic spine surgery, or uniportal endoscopy, and unilateral biportal endoscopy (UBE) can be employed in conjunction with various navigation and enabling technologies for assistance with localization of anatomic orientation and assessment of the intraoperative target spinal pathology. This review article describes various navigation technologies in ESS, including 2-dimensional (2D) fluoroscopic imaging, 2D fluoroscopic navigation, 3-dimensional C-arm navigation, augmented reality, and spinal robotics. Employment of enabling navigation and emerging technology with the registration of patient-specific anatomy enables clear delineation of anatomic landmarks and facilitation of a successful procedure. Additionally, avoidance of common pitfalls during use of navigation systems in ESS is discussed in this review.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Lumbar spinal stenosis: current concept of management Ji-Won Kwon, Kyung-Soo Suk, Seong-Hwan Moon, Si-Young Park, Namhoo Kim, Sub-Ri Park, Jae-Won Shin, Hak-Sun Kim, Byung Ho Lee Asian Spine Journal.2026; 20(1): 143. CrossRef
Delta large-channel endoscopy versus unilateral biportal endoscopy for cervicothoracic junction disc herniation: a prospective randomized controlled trial Huaibin Wang, Hui Li, Rushuo Wei, Hao Yan, Ruzhan Yao, Weiqiang Liu, Ling Li Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Intraoperative Dual-Cantilever Probe for Rapid Measurement of Cancellous Bone Compressive Strength Within the Vertebral Body Owen Kresse, Evelyn Khong, Gerhardus O. Loohuis, R. Elayne Shelby, Maxwell Boakye, Michael J. Voor, Stuart J. Williams Journal of Medical Devices.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Thoracic Full-Endoscopic Decompression for Ossification of Ligamentum Flavum (OLF) Causing Myelopathy Rohit A. Thaker, Smit Kagathara, Pratik Shah Indian Spine Journal.2026; 9(1): 112. CrossRef
Real-time Three-dimensional Navigation in Spine Surgery: Is It the Game Changer? Shailesh Hadgaonkar, Siddharth Aiyer, Abhinav Bhute, Parag Sancheti Indian Spine Journal.2026; 9(1): 37. CrossRef
A retrospective Chinese study on optical–electromagnetic navigation-guided biportal endoscopic unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression in lumbar spinal stenosis: improving precision and efficiency Xingchen Yao, Junpeng Liu, Li Guan, Jincai Yang, Aixing Pan, Yong Hai Asian Spine Journal.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Robotic-Assisted Uniportal Full-Endoscopic Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Technical Note on a Hybrid Form of Minimally Invasive Surgery Ting Yao Ang, A. Aravin Kumar, Chin Hong Ngai, John J.Y. Zhang, Jacob Y.L. Oh, Ji Min Ling, Thomas C.H. Tan Journal of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery and Technique.2026; 11(1): 105. CrossRef
O‐Arm Navigation Enhances Facet Preservation Without Compromising Clinical Outcomes in UBE Decompression for Radiographically Stable Adult Degenerative Scoliosis: A Single‐Center Comparative Study Yi Liu, Yiwei Xie, Zhibao Chen, Ruijun Xu, Haojie Chen, Xiaojian Ye, Jiangming Yu Orthopaedic Surgery.2026; 18(6): 1203. CrossRef
EndoUFM: Utilizing foundation models for monocular depth estimation of endoscopic images Xinning Yao, Bo Liu, Bojian Li, Jingjing Wang, Jinghua Yue, Fugen Zhou Neural Networks.2026; 203: 109141. CrossRef
Transforaminal Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy Versus Interlaminar Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy for Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Systematic Review of Clinical Outcomes, Quality of Life, and Surgical Selection Strategies MOHAMMAD RIYAD ABDULWAHID AL-HASNAWI, Hadi Ali Hadi Dala Ali, Rasool Riyadh Abdulwahid Al Hasnawi, Ameer Neamah Saadoon Al-Mhemis, Hinal Alkeshkumar Patel, Oumaima Souilhi, Mustafa Faris Kadhim Kadhim, Mohammed ali modher abduljaleel Orthopedic Reviews.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Establishing navigated UBE in Europe – technical note Nicole Lange, Carolin Albrecht, Raimunde Liang, Luisa Mona Kraus, Ghaith Altawalbeh, Shadi Abulhala, Ann-Kathrin Joerger, Bernhard Meyer Brain and Spine.2026; 6: 106107. CrossRef
Research Progress on Percutaneous Endoscopic Treatment for Radicular Cervical Spondylosis 怀忠 周 Advances in Clinical Medicine.2026; 16(06): 2540. CrossRef
Comparative Clinical and Radiological Outcomes of Arthroscopic‐Assisted Uniportal Spinal Surgery Versus Unilateral Biportal Endoscopy for Unilateral Laminotomy With Bilateral Decompression in Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A 2‐Year Follow‐Up Study Abdul Waheed Bahir, Wang Daxing, Liu Bailian, Gan Xuewen, Xiong Ying, Xiao Jiayu, Gu Shao Orthopaedic Surgery.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Full-endoscopic extraforaminal lumbar discectomy: Use of 3-D image-guidance can mitigate risks and overcome steep learning curve Anwesha Dubey, Abhijith R. Bathini, Katherine Anastasi, Joshua Bakhsheshian Journal of Clinical Neuroscience.2025; 139: 111455. CrossRef
Navigated Uniportal Endoscopic Decompression for Thoracic Myelopathy Secondary to Ossified Yellow Ligament: A Report of Two Cases Bing Wui Ng, Ozlan Izma Muhamed Kamil Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Objective This study aims to evaluate the clinical benefits of the integrated optical and magnetic surgical navigation system in assisting transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy (TELD) for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation (LDH).
Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients who underwent TELD for LDH at Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University from November 2022 to December 2023. Patients treated with the integrated optical and magnetic surgical navigation system were defined as the navigation-guided TELD (Ng-TELD) group (30 cases), while those treated with the conventional x-ray fluoroscopy method were defined as the control group (31 cases). Record and compare baseline characteristics, surgical parameters, efficacy indicators, and adverse events between the 2 patient groups.
Results The average follow-up duration for the 61 patients was 11.8 months. Postoperatively, both groups exhibited significant relief from back and leg pain, which continued to improve over time. At the final follow-up, patients’ lumbar function and quality of life had significantly improved compared to preoperative levels (p < 0.05). The Ng-TELD group had significantly shorter total operation time (58.43 ± 12.37 minutes vs. 83.23 ± 25.90 minutes), catheter placement time (5.83 ± 1.09 minutes vs. 15.94 ± 3.00 minutes), decompression time (47.17 ± 11.98 minutes vs. 67.29 ± 24.23 minutes), and fewer intraoperative fluoroscopies (3.20 ± 1.45 vs. 16.58 ± 4.25) compared to the control group (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of efficacy evaluation indicators and hospital stay. At the final follow-up, the excellent and good rate of surgical outcomes assessed by the MacNab criteria was 98.4%, and the overall adverse event rate was 8.2%, with no statistically significant differences between the groups (p > 0.05).
Conclusion This study demonstrates that the integrated optical and magnetic surgical navigation system can reduce the complexity of TELD, shorten operation time, and minimize radiation exposure for the surgeon, highlighting its promising clinical potential.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
A retrospective Chinese study on optical–electromagnetic navigation-guided biportal endoscopic unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression in lumbar spinal stenosis: improving precision and efficiency Xingchen Yao, Junpeng Liu, Li Guan, Jincai Yang, Aixing Pan, Yong Hai Asian Spine Journal.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Full-Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy: A Review of the Surgical Techniques, Indications and Anatomical Considerations Stylianos Kapetanakis, Mikail Chatzivasiliadis, Nikolaos Gkantsinikoudis, Konstantinos Pazarlis Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(24): 8961. CrossRef
The main aim of this video article is to demonstrate the combined use of O-arm navigation and unilateral biportal endoscopy (UBE) to manage far-out syndrome (FOS). In FOS there is entrapment and compression of the fifth lumbar nerve beyond the foramen and between L5 transverse process and the sacral ala at the lumbosacral junction. Conventional microscopic decompression using a paraspinal approach had been the gold standard for its management. However, the surgery is technically challenging due to the deep location of the pathology and intricate anatomy of extraforaminal space. There have been some published reports of unsatisfactory outcomes with microscopic decompression for FOS. We decided to integrate navigation with UBE to increase precision for the management of FOS. A 70-year-old female presented to us with chief complaint of left lower limb radiculopathy since 1 year. She also complained of numbness and paresthesias in her left leg and foot. She was unable to walk for more than 10 minutes due to pain. Her magnetic resonance imaging scan revealed compression of left L5 nerve root in the extraforaminal region. UBE decompression via paraspinal approach was performed for her under O-arm navigation. She experienced immediate relief of her symptoms in the postoperative period. O-arm-navigation-guided UBE is an effective and safer alternative to microsurgical decompression for the management of FOS. This video demonstrates the step-by-step implementation of O-arm navigation with endoscopy and its precise execution.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Arthroscopic-assisted uni-portal spinal surgery technology in the treatment of far-out syndrome: A case report and literature review Yuanmeng Chen, Heng Bi, Wei Zhang, Junyi Xiang, Benjing Yin, Chang Liu, Yu Lu Journal of International Medical Research.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
O‐Arm Navigation Enhances Facet Preservation Without Compromising Clinical Outcomes in UBE Decompression for Radiographically Stable Adult Degenerative Scoliosis: A Single‐Center Comparative Study Yi Liu, Yiwei Xie, Zhibao Chen, Ruijun Xu, Haojie Chen, Xiaojian Ye, Jiangming Yu Orthopaedic Surgery.2026; 18(6): 1203. CrossRef
Unilateral Biportal Endoscopic en Bloc Resection of the Lumbosacral Ligament Following Bony Release: A Technique Aiming to Reduce Dorsal Root Ganglion Manipulation Cheng-Ying Lee, Cheol-Wung Park, Man-Kyu Park, Wei-Yu Lee, Chien-Min Chen Journal of Clinical Medicine.2026; 15(10): 3765. CrossRef
O-arm navigation-guided uni-portal non-coaxial spinal endoscopic surgery for the precise treatment of far-out syndrome—a case report and literature review Kai Lv, Dong Zhang, Xinhe Wang, Qiugen Wang, Zhichao Ge, En Song, Hao Sun, Mencheng Yin, Jiajun Wu, Shuqiang Wang, Jianmin Li Frontiers in Surgery.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
O-arm navigation-based transforaminal unilateral biportal endoscopic discectomy for upper lumbar disc herniation: an innovative preliminary study Dong Hyun Lee, Choon Keun Park, Jin-Sung Kim, Jin Sub Hwang, Jin Young Lee, Dong-Geun Lee, Jae-Won Jang, Jun Yong Kim, Yong-Eun Cho, Dong Chan Lee Asian Spine Journal.2025; 19(2): 194. CrossRef
Full-endoscopic Spine Surgery for the Treatment of Far-out Syndrome: A Case Series Ryuichi WATANABE, Ryoji TOMINAGA, Kento TAKEBAYASHI, Yasushi OSHIMA, Hiroki IWAI, Hisashi KOGA Neurologia medico-chirurgica.2025; 65(12): 583. CrossRef
This video provides a step-by-step guide for performing the hybrid endoscopic thoracic discectomy using navigation and robotic arm for addressing high migrated calcified disc herniation. With the development of techniques, endoscopic spine surgery has emerged as a reliable treatment for thoracic myelopathy. This approach offers high-resolution, off-axis visualization of the surgical field. The field is poised to advance further as endoscopic instruments are refined, becoming less invasive and more precise through the integration of navigation and robot-assisted systems. A 62-year-old woman presented to us with chief complaints of both legs weakness. She had difficulty standing and walking after squatted due to weakness in her legs and her Oswestry Disability Index score was 66. On examination her both side knee extension and ankle dorsiflexion were grade 4 without dysesthesia. The imaging examination confirmed the diagnosis of thoracic myelopathy caused by a highly migrated calcified disc herniation at T5–6 level. The patient underwent an endoscopic thoracic discectomy using robotic arm and navigation for addressing highly migrated calcified disc herniation, resulting in an excellent outcome. The continuous development of navigation and robotic systems in endoscopic thoracic surgery enhanced accuracy in surgical incisions and instrument placement, as well as improved efficiency in locating pathology and achieving precise decompression. Endoscopic thoracic discectomy combines full-endoscopy and unilateral biportal endoscopic (UBE) techniques to leverage the benefits of both approaches, including the cross-viewing of full-endoscopy cannula and the use of larger Kerrison rongeurs under UBE.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Multiple imaging-assisted Unilateral biportal endoscopy (UBE) for syringomyelia secondary to T11-12 ligamentum flavum ossification: A case report Yue Tian, Hao Li, Fuming Tian, Hongen Bao Asian Journal of Surgery.2026; 49(7): 4153. CrossRef
A Commentary on “International Practice Patterns in the Surgical Management of Primary Lumbar Disc Herniation: An AO Spine Cross-Sectional Study” Jin-Sung Kim Neurospine.2026; 23(1): 40. CrossRef
A preliminary descriptive study on the histology of giant calcified disc herniations: a case series Riccardo Cecchinato, Alessandra Colombini, Barbara Rubino, Daniele Vanni, Luca Maria Sconfienza, Pedro Berjano European Spine Journal.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
O-arm navigation-based transforaminal unilateral biportal endoscopic discectomy for upper lumbar disc herniation: an innovative preliminary study Dong Hyun Lee, Choon Keun Park, Jin-Sung Kim, Jin Sub Hwang, Jin Young Lee, Dong-Geun Lee, Jae-Won Jang, Jun Yong Kim, Yong-Eun Cho, Dong Chan Lee Asian Spine Journal.2025; 19(2): 194. CrossRef
Bilateral–Contralateral Endoscopic Decompression as a Fusion-Deferral Strategy in Upper Lumbar Stenosis: A Structural Rationale and Conditional Framework—A Technical Note with Cases Review Dong Hyun Lee, Sang Yeop Han, Seung Young Jeong, Il-Tae Jang Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(16): 5726. CrossRef
The main objective of this case and video is to demonstrate the surgical technique of navigated full-endoscopic decompression and sequestrectomy at the C7–T1 level to alleviate C8 nerve root compression and manage cervicobrachialgia. Cervicobrachialgia resulting from C7–T1 disc herniation is a quite rare yet painful condition that can significantly impair motor function in the upper limb. Traditionally, open surgeries can be invasive, with prolonged recovery times and/or fusion of the level with adjacent segment disease. Posterior full-endoscopic approach offers a minimally invasive alternative that allows for quicker recovery, less postoperative pain, and improved outcomes. By preserving motion, it also prevents adjacent segment disease. A 72-year-old female presented with sudden-onset cervicobrachial pain radiating to the ulnar side of the right arm, coupled with paresthesia and weakness of the flexors/interosseous muscles (Medical Research Council=M3). Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed a large right-sided C7–T1 disc herniation compressing the C8 nerve root. A full-endoscopic C7–T1 posterior foraminotomy and sequestrectomy was performed with navigation. The patient experienced immediate relief from pain and improved motor function in the right hand postoperatively. Posterior full-endoscopic foraminotomy and sequestrectomy of the C7–T1 disc herniation is effective for treating cervicobrachialgia due to C8 nerve compression. The minimally invasive approach demonstrated in this video highlights the technique and stresses the advantage of navigation in the lower cervical spine.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Delta large-channel endoscopy versus unilateral biportal endoscopy for cervicothoracic junction disc herniation: a prospective randomized controlled trial Huaibin Wang, Hui Li, Rushuo Wei, Hao Yan, Ruzhan Yao, Weiqiang Liu, Ling Li Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Técnica endoscópica interlaminar asistida por navegación para hernia discal C7-T1: abordaje mínimamente invasivo de la unión cervicotorácica. Reporte de caso José Carlos Sauri-Barraza, Eduardo Callejas-Ponce, Jorge Daniel Pérez-Ruiz, Luis Enrique Núñez-Alvarado, Luis Alfonso Castillejo-Adalid, Francisco García-Muñoz, Omar Castillejo-Adalid, Adrián Francisco Méndez-Delgado Cirugía de Columna.2026; 4(3): 252. CrossRef
Objective To evaluate the efficacy of a self-developed mobile augmented reality navigation system (MARNS) in guiding spinal level positioning during intraspinal tumor surgery based on a dual-error theory.
Methods This retrospective study enrolled patients diagnosed with intraspinal tumors admitted to Fujian Provincial Hospital between May and November 2023. The participants were divided into conventional x-rays and self-developed MARNS groups according to the localization methods they received. Position time, length of intraoperative incision variation, and location accuracy were systematically compared.
Results A total of 41 patients (19 males) with intraspinal tumors were included, and MARNS was applied to 21 patients. MARNS achieved successful lesion localization in all patients with an error of 0.38±0.12 cm. Compared to x-rays, MARNS significantly reduced positioning time (129.00±13.03 seconds vs. 365.00±60.43 seconds, p<0.001) and length of intraoperative incision variation (0.14 cm vs. 0.67 cm, p=0.009).
Conclusion The self-developed MARNS, based on augmented reality technology for lesion visualization and perpendicular projection, offers a radiation-free complement to conventional x-rays.
The development of minimally invasive spinal surgery utilizing navigation and robotics has significantly improved the feasibility, accuracy, and efficiency of this surgery. In particular, these methods provide improved accuracy of pedicle screw placement, reduced radiation exposure, and shortened learning curves for surgeons. However, research on the clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness of navigation and robot-assisted spinal surgery is still in its infancy. Therefore, there is limited available evidence and this makes it difficult to draw definitive conclusions regarding the long-term benefits of these technologies. In this review article, we provide a summary of the current navigation and robotic spinal surgery systems. We concluded that despite the progress that has been made in recent years, and the clear advantages these methods can provide in terms of clinical outcomes and shortened learning curves, cost-effectiveness remains an issue. Therefore, future studies are required to consider training costs, variable initial expenses, maintenance and service fees, and operating costs of these advanced platforms so that they are feasible for implementation in standard clinical practice.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Digital Twin Framework for Spine Surgery Considering Respiratory Motions: Methodology and Proof-of-Concept Validation Ashkan Ghorbanian, Borhan Beigzadeh IEEE Access.2026; : 1. CrossRef
Obstacles to Spine Surgery in Limited-Resource Environments Amer Sebaaly, Mohammad Daher, Joseph E. Nassar, Gaby Kreichati, Khalil Kharrat, Alan H. Daniels Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.2026; 108(7): 477. CrossRef
Novel 3D-navigated screw corridors for posterior pelvic ring stabilization: a finite element analysis Eftychios Bolierakis, Maximilian Praster, Hatem Alabdulrahman, Ulf Krister Hofmann, Christian Herren, Roman Michalik, Michel Teuben, Hans-Christoph Pape, Frank Hildebrand, Till Berk European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Preoperative Surgical Planning for Lumbar Spine Pedicle Screw Placement Using PointNet Seokbin Hwang, Suk-Joong Lee, Sungmin Kim Electronics.2026; 15(2): 468. CrossRef
Robotics in Cervical Spine Surgery: The Current Scenario S. Vidyadhara, Abhishek Soni, T. Balamurugan, H. S. Chhabra Indian Spine Journal.2026; 9(1): 12. CrossRef
Robotic Thoracolumbar Pedicle Screw Fixation: A Comprehensive Narrative Review Anuj Mundra, Sachin Sharma, Vishal Singh, S. Vidyadhara, Harvinder Singh Chhabra Indian Spine Journal.2026; 9(1): 61. CrossRef
Three-dimensional Printing in Spine Surgery: A Comprehensive Review of Current Applications, Outcomes, and Future Directions Manish Gupta, Bhavuk Garg Indian Spine Journal.2026; 9(1): 72. CrossRef
AI-Driven Robotics has Optimized Motion Control, Decision-Making, and Real-Time Adaptability in Minimally Invasive Surgeries: A Systematic Review Mary Little Flower Thomas, Christopher Ezhil Singh Sreedharan, Glan Devadhas George, T. Jaya, Sridharan Ponnusamy, Jerril Gilda Sreedharan, Jerril Gilda, K. G. Jaya Christiyan, M. P. Muhsin Premier Journal of Science.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Mini-review on human-centered assurance in robot-assisted orthopedics and neurosurgery Sue Min Cho, Xinrui Zou, Laura Fleig, Mathias Unberath Frontiers in Robotics and AI.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Spinale Robotik vs. Cone-Beam-Navigation Patrick Strube, Alexander Hölzl, Anna-Maria Vogel, Georg Matziolis, Chris Lindemann Die Orthopädie.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Safety and accuracy of robot-assisted pedicle screw fixation: a randomized controlled trial Yawen Jiang, Jikui Qian, Ling Zhang, Yan Yu, Liming Cheng, Jinwu Wang, Ying Yao, Shaobai Wang International Journal of Surgery.2026; 112(4): 9770. CrossRef
Budget impact analysis of robot-assisted versus conventional spine surgery in Spain Rubén Martín Láez, Fernando Álvarez-Sala Walther, Julen Monje, María Álvarez, Mehdi Zahra, Sofía De Pedro, Paula Castro Albarrán, Miguel Ángel Casado, José A. Fernández Alén Journal of Robotic Surgery.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
O‐Arm Navigation Enhances Facet Preservation Without Compromising Clinical Outcomes in UBE Decompression for Radiographically Stable Adult Degenerative Scoliosis: A Single‐Center Comparative Study Yi Liu, Yiwei Xie, Zhibao Chen, Ruijun Xu, Haojie Chen, Xiaojian Ye, Jiangming Yu Orthopaedic Surgery.2026; 18(6): 1203. CrossRef
Robotic-assisted spine surgery in Sub-Saharan Africa: a meta-analysis of cost–benefit and implementation challenges Donald Ogolo, Enyereibe Ajare, Kelechi Ndukuba, Obioma Akwada, Okwunodulu Okwuoma, Francis Campbell, Chika Ndubuisi, Samuel Ohaegbulam The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Robotic-assisted versus navigation-guided spinal surgery: a meta-analysis of perioperative, clinical outcomes, and complications Marc Boutros, Guy Awad, Shaza Hammad, Reina Khatib, Jad Bou Monsef European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Robotic assistance in posterolateral lumbar fusion is associated with higher comorbidity burden, greater 90-day infectious complications, and increased episode costs Mitchell K. Ng, Paul G. Mastrokostas, Anton J. Cristofoli, Leonidas E. Mastrokostas, Vinay Bijoor, Alejandro J. Friedman, Pemla Jagtiani, Michael S. Schallmo, Jonathan Dalton, Matthew Meade, Anthony E. Seddio, Arya Varthi, Jad Bou Monsef, Afshin E. Razi, The Spine Journal.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Minimally invasive spine surgery with endoscopy, navigation, robotics, and artificial intelligence: Clinical evidence and future directions Dong Li, Xiao-Dong Tang, Zhi-Peng Li, Wei-Ping Fu, Peng-Yu Lu, Zhen Shi, Qi Zhang, Sen Fang, Bo-Kang Lv, Wen-Jie Ruan, Chang-Jiang Zhang, Rui-Bo Wang World Journal of Orthopedics.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Robot-assisted pedicle screw placement in spinal surgery: an updated systematic umbrella review and meta-meta-analysis of comparisons against freehand and navigation-guided techniques Yan-Xin Du, Wen-Xi Sun, Luo-Qi Mai, Xin-Yuan Chen, Lu-Lu Li, Hong-Shen Wang, Yong-Peng Lin, Bo-Lai Chen EFORT Open Reviews.2026; 11(1): 57. CrossRef
Research Progress on Percutaneous Endoscopic Treatment for Radicular Cervical Spondylosis 怀忠 周 Advances in Clinical Medicine.2026; 16(06): 2540. CrossRef
Occupational radiation exposure in spine surgery: organ-specific OSL phantom dosimetry and workload-based risk assessment O Warimezgane, M Hilal, M R Mesradi, A Elanique, Y Aguezzoumen, A Saadi, M R Abbari, A Hadaoui Journal of Radiological Protection.2026; 46(3): 031510. CrossRef
Posterior and Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion Arpan A. Patel, Shaarada Srivatsa, Mark A. Davison, Michael P. Steinmetz Neurosurgery Clinics of North America.2025; 36(1): 11. CrossRef
Robotics in orthopaedic surgery: The end of surgery or its future? Felix C. Oettl, Bálint Zsidai, Jacob F. Oeding, Mazda Farshad, Michael T. Hirschmann, Kristian Samuelsson Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy.2025; 33(3): 793. CrossRef
Application of 3D visualization virtual surgery system in percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy Chen Gong, Min Zhang, Jianming Wu, Zhiwei Shi, Xiangyang Liu, Yahui Niu Technology and Health Care.2025; 33(2): 744. CrossRef
Computer-aided robotics for applications in fracture reduction surgery: Advances, challenges, and opportunities Xianzheng Zhou, Yimiao Chen, Genyuan Miao, Yanchao Guo, Qinhe Zhang, Jianping Bi iScience.2025; 28(1): 111509. CrossRef
A systematic review and meta-analysis of radiation exposure in spinal surgeries: Comparing C-Arm, CT navigation, and O-Arm techniques Kamran Shirbache, Melika Heidarzadeh, Reihane Qahremani, Amin Karami, Shaghayegh Karami, Elham Madreseh, Julio J. Jauregui, Ebrahim Najafzadeh, Ali Kazemi, Mohammad Hossein Nabian Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences.2025; 56(2): 101831. CrossRef
S8 Navigation system combined with an ultrasonic osteotome for three-dimensional real-time dynamic visualization decompression to reduce postoperative neurological deterioration in thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum Shuai Li, Jinpeng Du, Xiaohui Wang, Yunfei Huang, Yansheng Huang, Zhen Chang, Liang Yan, Xuefang Zhang, Zhengwei Shi, Zhigang Zhao, Lin Gao, Songchuan Zhao, Baorong He European Spine Journal.2025; 34(3): 1004. CrossRef
How Do Robotics and Navigation Facilitate Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery? A Case Series and Narrative Review Esteban Quiceno, Mohamed A. R. Soliman, Asham Khan, Jeffrey P. Mullin, John Pollina Neurosurgery.2025; 96(3S): S84. CrossRef
Robotic Systems in Spinal Surgery: A Review of Accuracy, Radiation Exposure, Hospital Readmission Rate, Cost, and Adverse Events Nadia V. Haik, Alison E. Burgess, Norris C. Talbot, Patrick Luther, James R. Bridges, Michael Folse, Elizabeth Jee, Jamie Toms World Neurosurgery.2025; 195: 123721. CrossRef
Optimizing Single-Position Prone Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion with Exoscopic Technology: A Review of Key Innovations Christian Quinones, John Preston Wilson, Deepak Kumbhare, Bharat Guthikonda, Stanley Hoang Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(4): 1132. CrossRef
Letter to the Editor Regarding “Robotic Systems in Spinal Surgery: A Review of Accuracy, Radiation Exposure, Hospital Readmission Rate, Cost, and Adverse Events” Yuxuan Dai, Yu Chen, Bing Wang, Jiao Zhang, Bo Chen World Neurosurgery.2025; 196: 123838. CrossRef
Optimizing the clinical adoption of total joint replacement of the lumbar spine through imaging, robotics and artificial intelligence S. Craig Humphreys, Jon E. Block, Ahilan Sivaganesan, Louis J. Nel, Marc Peterman, Scott D. Hodges Expert Review of Medical Devices.2025; 22(5): 405. CrossRef
Integrated Optical and Magnetic Navigation for Simplified Percutaneous Transforaminal Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy: A Novel Approach Xing-Chen Yao, Jun-Peng Liu, Xin-Ru Du, Li Guan, Yong Hai, Jincai Yang, Aixing Pan Neurospine.2025; 22(1): 297. CrossRef
Advancements in robotic-assisted spine surgery: A literature review and technology comparison Jonathan Hammond, Stefano Priola Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery.2025; 40: 102056. CrossRef
Automated labeling using tracked ultrasound imaging: Application in tracking vertebrae during spine surgery Debarghya China, Luke J. MacLean, Jinchi Wei, Nicholas Theodore, Norbert Johnson, Neil Crawford, Kai Ding, Ali Uneri Medical Image Analysis.2025; 105: 103672. CrossRef
Optimizing TLIF Approach Selection: An Algorithmic Framework with Illustrative Cases Alyssa M. Bartlett, Summer Shabana, Caroline C. Folz, Mounica Paturu, Christoper I. Shaffrey, Parastou Quist, Olumide Danisa, Khoi D. Than, Peter Passias, Muhammad M. Abd-El-Barr Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(12): 4209. CrossRef
Japanese 2021 nationwide survey on complications from spine surgery Sadayuki Ito, Shiro Imagama, Hiroaki Nakashima, Masaaki Machino, Toshinori Sakai, Toshimi Aizawa, Hideyuki Arima, Hideaki Hamanaka, Yuyu Ishimoto, Satoshi Kato, Yoshiharu Kawaguchi, Hiroaki Konishi, Naohisa Miyakoshi, Hideki Murakami, Yukitaka Nagamoto, K European Spine Journal.2025; 34(8): 3095. CrossRef
The feasibility of robotic navigation in single position oblique lateral spine surgery. A technical note and a retrospective study Asrafi Rizki Gatam, Luthfi Gatam, Ajiantoro Ajiantoro, Omar Luthfi, Phedy Phedy, Harmantya Mahadhipta, Syafruddin Husin, Karina Sylvana Gani, Mitchel Mitchel, Erica Kholinne Frontiers in Surgery.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Comprehensive workflow with optical navigation in minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a retrospective study Kangheng Niu, Zhenzhen Tao, Le Cheng, Zhong Wei, Hui Kang, Tanjun Wei, Biwang Huang, Feng Xu, Chengjie Xiong Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Utility of Enabling Technologies in Spinal Deformity Surgery: Optimizing Surgical Planning and Intraoperative Execution to Maximize Patient Outcomes Nora C. Kim, Eli Johnson, Christopher DeWald, Nathan Lee, Timothy Y. Wang Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(15): 5377. CrossRef
Complications and Errors With Spinal Robotics and Navigation Trice A. Pickens, Cade F. Bennett, Daniel E. Herrera, Wellington K. Hsu, Srikanth N. Divi, Alpesh A. Patel Contemporary Spine Surgery.2025; 26(9): 1. CrossRef
Whole-Workflow Robotic-Assisted Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy via a Two-Step Access Method: Technical Report and Preliminary Results Wenjie Zheng, Junlong Wu, Wen Xia, Rui Zuo, Xian Chang, Hong Yin, Changqing Li, Chao Zhang Journal of Pain Research.2025; Volume 18: 4361. CrossRef
The Role of Robotic-Assisted Surgery in Orthopedic Practice: A Comprehensive Review of Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions Ahmed Elkohail, Ahmed M Khalifa, Ali Soffar, Ibrahim Omar, Mostafa Abdulaziz, Ahmed Elsaket, Ahmed Elnewishy, Momen Abdelglil, Siddhartha Murhekar, Ahmed Swealem Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The application of robotic and artificial intelligence technologies in spinal surgery: a review focused on prospects in remote areas of China Zhibin Liu, Junlong Huang, Hao Zhang, Shuzhuo Zhang, Honghao Dai, Yuexin Jiang, Hongtao Bi, Zhongshu Shan Journal of Robotic Surgery.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Intelligence Architectures and Machine Learning Applications in Contemporary Spine Care Rahul Kumar, Conor Dougherty, Kyle Sporn, Akshay Khanna, Puja Ravi, Pranay Prabhakar, Nasif Zaman Bioengineering.2025; 12(9): 967. CrossRef
Threshold-Anchored Mechanomyography Metrics for Patient Stratification in Spinal Decompression: Associations with Early Pain Outcomes Muwaffak Abdulhak, Ross Jones, David Nay, Christopher Wybo Journal of Personalized Medicine.2025; 15(12): 564. CrossRef
Preliminary evaluation of mixed reality navigation with single-vertebra registration in spinal surgery Zhongjie Shi, Zirui Su, Lingling Yang, Xin Gao, Deyong Xiao, Yilong Peng, Xiaojun Li, JianFeng Guo, Shujie Sun, Zhanxiang Wang European Journal of Medical Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Whole process navigated percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy guided by a novel X-ray instant navigation: a technical report and preliminary clinical outcomes Wenjie Zheng, Wen Xia, Chao Liu, Zhengyang Wu, Minghan Liu, Rui Zuo, Linfeng Mo, Yue Zhou, Changqing Li, Chao Zhang BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
From complexity to clarity: A perspective on personalized spine care through genetic, psychosocial, and technological advancements Favour Tope Adebusoye, Rohan S. Mane, Liyana Nithya Paaramee Priyankara, Mohammed Ahmed, Shubham Gaikwad, Jovan Ilic, Yash J. Pal, Brandon Lucke-Wold, Julie L. Chan, Daniel J. Hoh, Matthew Decker, Steven G. Roth, Daryl Pinion Fields, Paul R. Krafft Journal of Craniovertebral Junction and Spine.2025; 16(4): 379. CrossRef
Impact of Navigation Assistance on Perioperative Outcomes in Sacroiliac Joint Arthrodesis: A Comparative Study Attila Sarkadi, Adolf Mueller, Vitaly Sokotukhin , Stephan Lackermair, Eric O Sarpong, Hannes Egermann Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Hospitalizations and surgical management of lumbar disc degeneration in Italy: a 22-Year nationwide retrospective study Fabrizio Russo, Bruna Maria Rondinone, Giuseppe Francesco Papalia, Gianluca Vadalà, Rocco Papalia, Vincenzo Denaro, Sergio Iavicoli BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Accuracy of Robotic-Guided Pedicular Screw Insertion in Thoracolumbar Spinal Surgery Ignacio Dominguez, Rafael Luque, Angela Carrascosa, Juan Pablo Castaño, Alicia Collado, Pedro Alonso Lera, Fernando Marco Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(23): 8425. CrossRef
Effectiveness and reliability of AI in diagnosis and robot-assisted spinal and cranial surgery: efficient outcomes and ethical worries Iqra Shahid, Ahmed Raza, Inshrah Qureshi, Umaima Cheema, Siraj Ul Muneer, Ayesha Sehar, Maryam Aqeel, Saleha Azeem, Ahmad Hussain, Calvin R. Wei, Samuel Mbabazi, Fabrice Kibukila, Dieudonné Kakusu, Aymar Akilimali Annals of Medicine & Surgery.2025; 87(11): 7280. CrossRef
Bibliometric analysis of robotic-assisted hepatobiliary and pancreaticosplenic surgery Tao Liu, Kunming Zhao, Heqi Tai, Xiaofeng Tian Journal of Robotic Surgery.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Biomechanical optimization of pedicle screw trajectories in osteoporotic lumbar fusion: finite element analysis and validation of robotic-assisted implementation Cheng Zhong, Zhe Han Journal of Robotic Surgery.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Commentary on “Navigation-Guided/Robot-Assisted Spinal Surgery: A Review Article” John R. Adler Jr Neurospine.2024; 21(1): 18. CrossRef
Knee Arthroscopy in the Era of Precision Medicine: A Comprehensive Review of Tailored Approaches and Emerging Technologies Vinit Rathod, Milind R Gharpinde , Sandeep Shrivastav Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Commentary on “The Utility and Feasibility of Smart Glasses in Spine Surgery: Minimizing Radiation Exposure During Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Insertion” Wongthawat Liawrungrueang Neurospine.2024; 21(2): 440. CrossRef
Efficacy and safety of navigation robot-assisted versus conventional oblique lateral lumbar interbody fusion with internal fixation in the treatment of lumbar degenerative diseases: A retrospective study Min Tong, Siping Zhang, Wenhao Zhang, Limin Mou, Zhenyu Dong, Rong Wang, Shida Li, Yifei Huang Medicine.2024; 103(32): e39261. CrossRef
Overcoming the Learning Curve in Robot-Assisted Spinal Surgery—How Does It Compare to O-Arm Navigation? Pirateb Paramasivam Meenakshi Sundaram, Mun Chun Lai, Arun-Kumar Kaliya-Perumal, Jacob Yoong-Leong Oh Surgeries.2024; 5(4): 896. CrossRef
Mid-term efficacy of non-contact orthopedic robot navigation in the treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis XiaoPeng Gu, SongOu Zhang, YongTao Liu, JunLiang Qi, YueQuan Gu, WeiHu Ma BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Letter to the editor regarding "Level-specific comparison of 3D navigated and robotic arm-guided screw placement: an accuracy assessment of 1210 pedicle screws in lumbar surgery" by Asada et al Sanaa Hameed, Fauziyya Muhammad, Lance M Villeneuve, Zachary A Smith The Spine Journal.2024; 24(12): 2428. CrossRef
Evaluation of Pedicle Screw Position on Computerized Tomography Using Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Software Jiwon Park, Jin S. Yeom, Yeonho Kim, Yoonjoong Hwang, Namkug Kim, Sang-Min Park Medicina.2024; 60(12): 2040. CrossRef
Does Robotic Spine Surgery Add Value to Surgical Practice over Navigation-Based Systems? A Study on Operating Room Efficiency Pirateb Paramasivam Meenakshi Sundaram, Daniel Yang Yao Peh, Jane Wenjin Poh, Guna Pratheep Kalanchiam, Wayne Ming Quan Yap, Arun-Kumar Kaliya-Perumal, Jacob Yoong-Leong Oh Medicina.2024; 60(12): 2112. CrossRef
Objective Practical applications of nerve decompression using neurosurgical robots remain unexplored. Our ongoing research and development initiatives, utilizing industrial robots, aim to establish a secure and efficient neurosurgical robotic system. The principal objective of this study was to automate bone grinding, which is a pivotal component of neurosurgical procedures.
Methods To achieve this goal, we integrated an endoscope system into a manipulator and conducted precision bone machining using a neurosurgical drill, recording the grinding resistance values across 3 axes. Our study encompassed 2 core tasks: linear grinding, such as laminectomy, and cylindrical grinding, such as foraminotomy, with each task yielding unique measurement data.
Results In linear grinding, we observed a proportional increase in grinding resistance values in the machining direction with acceleration. This observation suggests that 3-axis resistance measurements are a valuable tool for gauging and predicting deep cortical penetration. However, problems occurred in cylindrical grinding, and a significant error of 10% was detected. The analysis revealed that multiple factors, including the tool tip efficiency, machining speed, teaching methods, and deflection in the robot arm and jig joints, contributed to this error.
Conclusion We successfully measured the resistance exerted on the tool tip during bone machining with a robotic arm across 3 axes. The resistance ranged from 3 to 8 Nm, with the measurement conducted at a processing speed approximately twice that of manual surgery performed by a surgeon. During the simulation of foraminotomy under endoscopic grinding conditions, we encountered a -10% error margin.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Recent advances in robotic-assisted laminectomy in spine surgery: a narrative review Tarun Mattikalli, Konstantinos Margetis, James D. Lin, Jeremy Steinberger Asian Spine Journal.2026; 20(2): 388. CrossRef
Thermal performance of modified surgical drill margins during bone drilling: An experimental, numerical, and optimization case study Mohd Faizal Ali Akhbar, Shahrizan Jamaludin, Suriani Mat Jusoh, Fatin Alias, Mohd Azlan Musa, Rodianah Alias Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine.2026; 240(4): 411. CrossRef
Optimization of Surgical Drill Margin Dimension to Reduce Bone Temperature Mohd Faizal Ali Akhbar, Shahrizan Jamaludin, Rodianah Alias Key Engineering Materials.2026; 1053: 27. CrossRef
Force model of robot bone grinding based on finite element analysis Kai Yang, Qingxuan Jia, Chao Feng, Juxiang Huang, Gang Chen, Zheng Yang Measurement.2025; 243: 116124. CrossRef
Step-coated FBG and runway-shaped beam 6-D F/T sensor with dynamic self-fault-tolerant for orthopedic surgery robot Chen Zhao, Tianliang Li, Haolei Fan, Haotian Zhou, Jun wang, Yu Xu, Hongliang Ren, Fei Cheng, Yuegang Tan, Zude Zhou The International Journal of Robotics Research.2025; 44(12): 2073. CrossRef
From the Editor-in-Chief: Featured Articles in the March 2024 Issue Inbo Han Neurospine.2024; 21(1): 1. CrossRef
Expanding the Scope of Robotic Spinal Surgery With Bone Decompression: Commentary on “Advancements and Challenges in Robot-Assisted Bone Processing in Neurosurgical Procedures” Stephen Ryu Neurospine.2024; 21(1): 104. CrossRef
Commentary on “The Utility and Feasibility of Smart Glasses in Spine Surgery: Minimizing Radiation Exposure During Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Insertion” Wongthawat Liawrungrueang Neurospine.2024; 21(2): 440. CrossRef
Objective Several studies have advocated for the higher accuracy of transpedicular screw placement under cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) compared to conventional 2-dimensional (2D) fluoroscopy. The superiority of navigation systems in perioperative and postoperative outcomes remains a topic of debate. This study aimed to compare operative time, screw placement time and accuracy, total radiation dose, perioperative and postoperative outcomes in patients who underwent transpedicular screw fixation for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (DLS) using intraoperative CBCT navigation versus 2D fluoroscopy.
Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients affected by single-level DLS who underwent posterior lumbar instrumentation with transpedicular screw fixation using surgical CBCT navigation (NV group) or 2D fluoroscopy-assisted freehand technique (FH group). Demographics, screw placement time and accuracy, operative time, total radiation dose, intraoperative blood loss, screw revision rate, complications, and length of stay (LOS) were assessed.
Results The study included a total of 30 patients (NV group: n = 15; FH group: n = 15). The mean screw placement time, operative time, and LOS were significantly reduced in the NV group compared to the FH group (p < 0.05). The total radiation dose was significantly higher in the NV group (p < 0.0001). No significant difference was found in terms of blood loss and postoperative complications.
Conclusion This study suggests that intraoperative CBCT-navigated single-level lumbar transpedicular screw fixation is superior in terms of mean screw placement time, operative time, and LOS compared to 2D fluoroscopy, despite a higher intraoperative radiation exposure.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Evidence-Based Guidelines for the Surgical Management of Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis Harrison J. Howell, Nathan J. Winans, Dean Chou, Andrew K. Chan Neurosurgery Clinics of North America.2026; 37(1): 1. CrossRef
Comparative analysis of the pedicle screw accuracy, screw revision and loosening rate and radiation exposure of robotic-guided (RG), intraoperative computed tomography (iCT)-navigation guided, and fluoroscopy guided placement technique Mirza Pojskić, Miriam Bopp, Omar Alwakaa, Christopher Nimsky, Benjamin Saß Brain and Spine.2026; 6: 105899. CrossRef
Complications With Navigation-Assistance in Thoraco-Lumbar Spine Surgery Takeshi Fujii, Patricia Lipson, Kenneth T. Nguyen, Gianluca Vadalà, Laura Scaramuzzo, Patrick Hsieh, Katie Krause, Sangwook Tim Yoon, Philip K. Louie Global Spine Journal.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Framework for Adoption of Enabling Technologies for Improved Outcomes in Spine Surgery Sathish Muthu, Swaminathan Ramasubramanian, Madhan Jeyaraman, Roger Hartl, Javad Tavakoli, Samuel K. Cho, Laura Scaramuzzo, Hardeep Singh, Philip K. Louie, Andreas K. Demetriades, Patrick C. Hsieh, Stipe Ćorluka, Yabin Wu, Xiaolong Chen, Hai V. Le, Gianlu Global Spine Journal.2025; 15(6): 2977. CrossRef
Open Versus Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery in the Treatment of Single-Level Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis: An AO Spine Global Cross-Sectional Study Luca Ambrosio, Sathish Muthu, Samuel K. Cho, Micheal S. Virk, Juan P. Cabrera, Patrick C. Hsieh, Andreas K. Demetriades, Stipe Ćorluka, S. Tim Yoon, Gianluca Vadalà Neurospine.2025; 22(1): 40. CrossRef
Deviation from preoperative planning and pedicle screw accuracy in navigated and robotic spinal fusion: a systematic review Fabrizio Russo, Niccolò Nardi, Giuseppe Francesco Papalia, Rocco Papalia, Gianluca Vadalà, Vincenzo Denaro European Spine Journal.2025; 34(5): 1890. CrossRef
Many types of surgeries are changing from conventional to minimally invasive techniques. Techniques in spine surgery have also changed, with endoscopic spine surgery (ESS) becoming a major surgical technique. Although ESS has advantages such as less soft tissue dissection and normal structure damage, reduced blood loss, less epidural scarring, reduced hospital stay, and earlier functional recovery, it is not possible to replace all spine surgery techniques with ESS. ESS was first used for discectomy in the lumbar spine, but the range of ESS has expanded to cover the entire spine, including the cervical and thoracic spine. With improvements in ESS instruments (optics, endoscope, endoscopic drill and shaver, irrigation pump, and multiportal endoscopic), limitations of ESS have gradually decreased, and it is possible to apply ESS to more spine pathologies. ESS currently incorporates new technologies, such as navigation, augmented and virtual reality, robotics, and 3-dimentional and ultraresolution visualization, to innovate and improve outcomes. In this article, we review the history and current status of ESS, and discuss future goals and possibilities for ESS through comparisons with conventional surgical techniques.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Adoption of Endoscopic Spine Surgery Rohan Vemu, Mohammed S. Abdullah, Sachin Gupta, David Casper, Amrit Khalsa, Bijan Dehghani Clinical Spine Surgery.2026; 39(3): E148. CrossRef
Lumbar spinal stenosis: current concept of management Ji-Won Kwon, Kyung-Soo Suk, Seong-Hwan Moon, Si-Young Park, Namhoo Kim, Sub-Ri Park, Jae-Won Shin, Hak-Sun Kim, Byung Ho Lee Asian Spine Journal.2026; 20(1): 143. CrossRef
Effect of Intraoperative Image-Guided Spinal Navigation Technologies on Endoscopic Lumbar Spine Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Yu-Che Wang, Hsu-I Chou, Ying-Fong Su, Rafael Garcia de Oliveira, Abhinav K. Sharma, Yang-Ching Chen, Anh Tuan Bui, Ching-Yu Lee, Jowy Tani, Cheng-Chun Chang, Takaki Yoshimizu, Wongthawat Liawrungrueang, Tsung-Jen Huang, Daisuke Sakai, Klaus John Schnake, Global Spine Journal.2026; 16(2): 1268. CrossRef
Preoperative planning combining 3D reconstruction and body-surface meshing for percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy in far lateral lumbar disk herniation Liang Jiao, Shuang Wang, Xiao Yang, Jun-xiong Ma, Liang Zheng, Hong Wang, Liang-bi Xiang, Hai-long Yu, Yu Chen Minimally Invasive Therapy & Allied Technologies.2026; 35(3): 232. CrossRef
Delta large-channel endoscopy versus unilateral biportal endoscopy for cervicothoracic junction disc herniation: a prospective randomized controlled trial Huaibin Wang, Hui Li, Rushuo Wei, Hao Yan, Ruzhan Yao, Weiqiang Liu, Ling Li Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical Outcomes and Future Directions of Endoscopic Cervical Spine Surgery: A Systematic Review With Narrative Insights Ryan Wang, Satheeshram Tamilselvan, Ji Soo Ha, Aditya Vedantam, Courtney Rory Goodwin, Nathan Evaniew, Uzondu F. Agochukwu, Konstantinos Margetis, Yoon Ha, Michael Fehlings, Jefferson R. Wilson, Ankit I. Mehta Global Spine Journal.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Impact of arthroscopic experience on the learning curve in interlaminar endoscopic lumbar discectomy: a single-center prospective cohort study of 240 patients Tomasz Sienkiel, Marcin Gąska, Przemysław Koszyk, Ewa Lipik, Barbara Jasiewicz European Spine Journal.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Anatomical Validation and Technical Feasibility of Biportal Endoscopic Spinal Surgery Including Technical Notes in a Cadaveric Canine Thoracic Intervertebral Disc Disease Model Sung-Ho Lee, Ji-Hyun Park, Da-Eun Kim, Gunha Hwang, Chang-Hwan Moon, Dongbin Lee Animals.2026; 16(3): 435. CrossRef
The Initial Learning and Supply Cost Curve of Incorporating Interlaminar and Transforaminal Endoscopy at a Tertiary Academic Medical Center Mark M Zaki, Edward S Harake, Varun G Kathawate, Michael J Strong, Rushikesh S Joshi, Joseph R Linzey, Yamaan S Saadeh, Osama N Kashlan Cureus.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy and safety of unilateral biportal endoscopy vs. percutaneous endoscopic interlaminar approach in lumbar disc herniation: A meta‑analysis Yuhao Gao, Fangzheng He, Ji Wen, Shilei Qin, Pengfei Han, Yunfeng Xu Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine.2026; 31(3): 1. CrossRef
Development of a Deep-Learning Model for Automated Detection and Quantification of Bleeding in Unilateral Biportal Endoscopic Spine Surgery Takaki Yoshimizu, Daisuke Sakai, Daiki Morita, Meng-Huang Wu, Teruaki Miyake, Sanshiro Saito, Tetsutaro Mizuno, Ushio Nosaka, Keisuke Ishii, Mizuki Watanabe, Kanji Sasaki Journal of Clinical Medicine.2026; 15(5): 1934. CrossRef
Unilateral biportal endoscopic partial cervical laminectomy and facetectomy: An ex vivo study and case report Hojung Bae, Haebeom Lee, Sanghyun Nam, Youngjin Jeon, Jaemin Jeong Veterinary Surgery.2026; 55(3): 657. CrossRef
Endoscopic Spine Surgery: A Scoping Review of the Literature Drew Mulhall, Chien Yew Kow, Catherine Veilleux, Anand Oliveira Masson, Steven Casha, Stephan du Plessis, Ken Thomas, Michael M. H. Yang Global Spine Journal.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Simulation training in spinal endoscopic surgery: a systematic review of current status Gilberto Perez Rodriguez Garcia, Abdulwhab Alotaibi, Omid Yousefi, Ataollah Shahbandi, Pegah Ghamasaee, Abdul Mounnem Yassin Kassab, Rakan Bokhari, Muhammad Abd-El-Barr, Saman Shabani, Mohamad Bakhaidar Neurosurgical Review.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
DIFFERENCES IN PREOPERATIVE RADIOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS OF THE LUMBOSACRAL SEGMENT AND PELVIS IN THE CASE OF TRANSFORAMINAL AND INTERLAMINAR DISCECTOMY OF L5-S1 INTERVERTEBRAL DISC HERNIATION V. К. Piontkovskyi, М. B. Holbaum Bulletin of Problems Biology and Medicine.2026; 1(1): 318. CrossRef
Uniportal Endoscopic Surgery for Thoracolumbar Junction Disc Herniation in a Patient With Myelopathy: A Technical Note and Surgical Video Kang Suk Moon, Michel Gustavo Mondragón-Soto, Pedro Leonardo Villanueva-Solórzano Journal of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery and Technique.2026; 11(1): 155. CrossRef
Biportal Endoscopic Spine Surgery for Epidural Metastatic Tumors: A Surgical Technical Note With a Case Series Chan Yang Noh, Il Choi, Junsoo Jang Journal of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery and Technique.2026; 11(1): 140. CrossRef
Biportal Endoscopic Foramen Magnum Decompression in an Arnold-Chiari Malformation: A Technical Note With a Case Report Chan Yang Noh, Il Choi, Junsoo Jang Journal of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery and Technique.2026; 11(1): 137. CrossRef
Perioperative Outcomes in Endoscopic Lumbar Decompression Surgery Under Spinal and General Anesthesia Bridget S.M. Ng, Ashton K.S. Tan, Jonathan Y.W. Boey, Meredeth C.C. Chin, Kenny W.T. Loh, Reuben C.C. Soh, Hairil Rizal Bin Abdullah, Yingke He, Lei Jiang Clinical Spine Surgery.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Research Progress on Percutaneous Endoscopic Treatment for Radicular Cervical Spondylosis 怀忠 周 Advances in Clinical Medicine.2026; 16(06): 2540. CrossRef
Full-Endoscopic Sacroiliac Joint Denervation for Painful Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction: A Prospective 2-Year Clinical Outcomes and Predictors for Improved Outcomes Saqib Hasan, Dia Radi Halalmeh, Yusuf-Zain Ansari, Amy Herrera, Christoph P. Hofstetter Neurosurgery.2025; 96(1): 213. CrossRef
Research topics and trends of isthmic spondylolisthesis: A bibliometric analysis and review of Literature Mellisa Gani, Rieva Ermawan, Nanang Wiyono, Rhyan Darma Saputra, Hubertus Corrigan Journal of Orthopaedic Reports.2025; 4(3): 100457. CrossRef
Attitudes regarding barriers to entry and the learning curve associated with endoscopic decompression-only surgery: an international survey Murad Alostaz, Peter Derman, Patricia Lipson, Jerry Du, Raymond Gardocki, Christoph Hofstetter, Michael Wang, Sheeraz Qureshi, Philip K. Louie The Spine Journal.2025; 25(5): 983. CrossRef
What is the learning curve for endoscopic spine surgery? A comprehensive systematic review Justin P. Chan, Thomas Olson, Beshoy Gabriel, Sohaib Hashmi, Hao-Hua Wu, Hansen Bow, Yu-Po Lee, Nitin Bhatia, Michael Oh, Don Y Park The Spine Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Cost-effectiveness analysis of extended endoscopic lumbar foraminotomy (EELF) and transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF): a prospective observational study Jun-Hoe Kim, Hangeul Park, Chang-Hyun Lee, Chi Heon Kim Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical efficacy and learning curve of percutaneous endoscopic cervical discectomy for symptomatic cervical spondylotic radiculopathy Xiao Sun, Lijuan Zhan, Zhongxin Tang, Mingkui Shen, Haijun Ma, Jun Tan Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Endoscopic Approach for Low Back Pain and Foraminal Pathologies Jeong-Yoon Park, Koichi Sairyo, Yukoh Ohara, Keng Chang Liu Journal of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery and Technique.2025; 10(Suppl 1): S34. CrossRef
Strategies for Optimizing Clinical Outcomes in Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery Chibuikem A. Ikwuegbuenyi, Sean Inzerillo, Evan Wang, Ibrahim Hussain Neurosurgery.2025; 96(3S): S139. CrossRef
A novel endoscopic posterior cervical decompression and interbody fusion technique: Feasibility and biomechanical analysis Guangnan Yang, Yiwei Ding, Jiang Liu, Rigbat Rozi, Zhili Ding, Tusheng Li, Qiang Jiang, Hanshuo Zhang, Jingbo Ma, Jiaheng Han, Yu Ding Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine.2025; 262: 108676. CrossRef
Unusual Cause of Spinal Stenosis Related to Lumbar Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament: A Case Report and Literature Review Lu-Wei Huang, Hsin-Chang Chen, Yueh-Hsiu Lu, Chiu-Liang Chen, Yi-An Li Formosan Journal of Musculoskeletal Disorders.2025; 16(1): 38. CrossRef
Full-endoscopic lumbar spine discectomy: Are We Finally There? A Meta-Analysis of Its Effectiveness Against Non-microscopic Discectomy, Microdiscectomy and Tubular Discectomy Kajetan Latka, Klaudia Kozlowska, Kacper Domisiewicz, Tomasz Klepinowski, Dariusz Latka The Spine Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Electromagnetic Navigation in Biportal Endoscopic Lumbar Spine Surgery Dhivakaran Gengatharan, Walter Soon Yaw Wong, Lee Kai Lin, John Wen Cong Thng, Huang Yilun Spine Surgery and Related Research.2025; 9(2): 258. CrossRef
Transforaminal Endoscopic Thoracic Discectomy Is More Cost-Effective Than Microdiscectomy for Symptomatic Disc Herniations Junseok Bae, Pratyush Shahi, Sang-Ho Lee, Han-Joong Keum, Ju-Wan Seok, Yong-Soo Choi, Jin-Sung Kim Neurospine.2025; 22(1): 118. CrossRef
Clinical Outcomes and Patient Perspectives in Full Endoscopic Cervical Surgery: A Systematic Review Wongthawat Liawrungrueang, Sung Tan Cho, Ayush Sharma, Watcharaporn Cholamjiak, Meng-Huang Wu, Lo Cho Yau, Hyun-Jin Park, Ho-Jin Lee Neurospine.2025; 22(1): 81. CrossRef
Biportal Endoscopic Spine Surgery for Symptomatic Postoperative Discal Pseudocyst Following Percutaneous Endoscopic Interlaminar Discectomy: A Case Report and Literature Review Tran Vu Hoang Duong, Pham Anh Tuan, Huynh Van Vu, Chu Van Lam, Le Tan Linh Journal of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery and Technique.2025; 10(1): 152. CrossRef
O-arm navigation-based transforaminal unilateral biportal endoscopic discectomy for upper lumbar disc herniation: an innovative preliminary study Dong Hyun Lee, Choon Keun Park, Jin-Sung Kim, Jin Sub Hwang, Jin Young Lee, Dong-Geun Lee, Jae-Won Jang, Jun Yong Kim, Yong-Eun Cho, Dong Chan Lee Asian Spine Journal.2025; 19(2): 194. CrossRef
Effectiveness of biportal endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion using the multi-layer bone grafting technique: a retrospective study from Vietnam Tran Vu Hoang Duong, Pham Anh Tuan, Huynh Van Vu, Chu Van Lam, Le Tan Linh, Phan Duy, Wongthawat Liawrungrueang Asian Spine Journal.2025; 19(2): 228. CrossRef
Advancements in Spinal Endoscopic Surgery: Comprehensive Techniques and Pathologies Addressed by Full Endoscopy Beyond Lumbar Disc Herniation Jad El Choueiri, Francesca Pellicanò, Edoardo Caimi, Francesco Laurelli, Leonardo Di Cosmo, Ali Darwiche Rada, Daniel Cernigoi, Arosh S. Perera Molligoda Arachchige, Giorgio Cracchiolo, Donato Creatura, Ali Baram, Carlo Brembilla, Gabriele Capo Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(11): 3685. CrossRef
Endoscopic Interlaminar Standalone Decompression for Lumbar Lateral Recess Stenosis With Subligamentous Disc Herniation: A Disc‐Preserving Alternative to Discectomy Kuan‐Ting Chen, Tsung‐Mu Wu, Chung‐Han Ho, Chi‐Ming Huang, Kin Weng Wong Orthopaedic Surgery.2025; 17(7): 2093. CrossRef
Full-Endoscopic Spine Surgery : Its Roles and Limitations Yong Ahn Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society.2025; 68(5): 511. CrossRef
Endoscopic Decompression Combined With Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation for AOSpine A3 or A4 Thoracolumbar Fractures With Neurological Deficits: A Retrospective Cohort Study Huiming Yang, Junxian Miao, Jiangtao Wang, Dan Han, Yuhang Wang, Liang Yan, Biao Wang, Dingjun Hao Neurospine.2025; 22(2): 571. CrossRef
Advances in endoscopic lumbar spine surgery: a comprehensive review of the techniques used for the treatment of lumbar disc herniations and spinal stenosis and lumbar spinal fusion Brian Kwon, Andrew Moon The Spine Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Decompression Only by Unilateral Biportal Endoscopic Surgery for Adjacent Segment Degeneration: A Multi-Institution Retrospective Study Dongkyu Kim, Jung Hwan Lee, Chung Kee Chough, Kwan-Su Song, Ohyuk Kwon, Jeong-Yoon Park Journal of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery and Technique.2025; 10(Suppl 2): S245. CrossRef
Evaluation of the performance of large language models in endoscopic lumbar surgery: a comparative analysis Hao Li, Cheng Zeng, Lei Miao, Ye Wang, Jiyuan Xia, Da He Annals of Medicine & Surgery.2025; 87(8): 4835. CrossRef
Adaptation study for biportal endoscopic spine surgery using an ovine spine-based training model Hüseyin Doğu, Ali Osman Muçuoğlu Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine.2025; 8(4): 716. CrossRef
Bilateral–Contralateral Endoscopic Decompression as a Fusion-Deferral Strategy in Upper Lumbar Stenosis: A Structural Rationale and Conditional Framework—A Technical Note with Cases Review Dong Hyun Lee, Sang Yeop Han, Seung Young Jeong, Il-Tae Jang Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(16): 5726. CrossRef
Biportal endoscopic versus conventional open spine surgery for lumbar degenerative disease: a systematic review and meta‑analysis Alexander Yu, Mark Kurapatti, Ryan Hoang, Charu Jain, Gray William Ricca, Junho Song, Joshua Lee, Daniel Berman, Samuel Kang-Wook Cho Asian Spine Journal.2025; 19(5): 809. CrossRef
Biportal endoscopic spine surgery for removal of pedicle fixation hardware Ralph J. Mobbs, Alison Ma Journal of Clinical Neuroscience.2025; 141: 111580. CrossRef
Spine endoscopic surgery establishment for disc disease (Neurocore-SENSED): an open and decentralized consensus Mejdeddine Al Barajraji, Sami Barrit, Adam Boukind, Albert E. Telfeian, Javier Quillo-Olvera, Mehdi Afathi, Frank Hassel, Peter B. Derman, Maxime Challali, Alexandre Simonin, Antoine Devalckeneer, Ryoji Tominaga, Jean-Charles Le Huec, Xavier A. Santander, Brain and Spine.2025; 5: 105604. CrossRef
Endoscopic Decompression of Periradicular Fibrous Tissue in Lumbar Canal Stenosis: A Case Report Guna Pratheep Kalanchiam, Pang Hung Wu Journal of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery and Technique.2025; 10(2): 238. CrossRef
Targeted Navigation-Guided Biportal Endoscopy for Thoracic Myelopathy Due to Disk-Osteophyte Shailesh Hadgaonkar, Sameer Nagpal, Parag Sancheti JBJS Case Connector.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Integration of Virtual Reality Headsets into Endoscopic Spine Surgery: Insights from a Cadaveric Lab and Multicenter Surgeon Survey Bernardo Drummond Braga, Mateus Neves Faria Fernandes, Ana Paula Carvalho Fortaleza, Diego da Silva Collares, Edgar Takao Utino, João Paulo Bergamaschi Spine Surgery and Related Research.2025; 9(6): 609. CrossRef
Biportal Endoscopic Lumbar Interbody Fusion Using the Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion Cage: Technical Note and Case Illustration Tran Vu Hoang Duong, Phan Quang Son, Le Tan Bao, Luc Dinh Phuong, Phan Dinh Thanh Journal of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery and Technique.2025; 10(2): 303. CrossRef
The Evolution of Spinal Endoscopy: Design and Image Analysis of a Single-Use Digital Endoscope Versus Traditional Optic Endoscope Shih-Hao Cheng, Yen-Tsung Lin, Hsin-Tzu Lu, Yu-Chuan Tsuei, William Chu, Woei-Chyn Chu Bioengineering.2024; 11(1): 99. CrossRef
Exoscope Use in Spine Surgery: A Systematic Review of Applications, Benefits, and Limitations Vikas N. Vattipally, Kelly Jiang, Carly Weber-Levine, Richard Rosin, A. Daniel Davidar, Andrew M. Hersh, Jawad Khalifeh, A. Karim Ahmed, Tej D. Azad, Kimberly Ashayeri, Daniel Lubelski, Debraj Mukherjee, Judy Huang, Nicholas Theodore World Neurosurgery.2024; 184: 283. CrossRef
Comparison of the Medium‐term Outcomes of Anterior Lumbar Discectomy and Fusion with Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Retrospective Cohort Study Chao Song, Zhibo Deng, Hanhao Dai, Wu Zheng, Guoyu Yu, Yijing Wu, Jun Luo, Jie Xu Orthopaedic Surgery.2024; 16(5): 1042. CrossRef
Pushing the Limits of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery—From Preoperative to Intraoperative to Postoperative Management Peter N. Drossopoulos, Arnav Sharma, Favour C. Ononogbu-Uche, Troy Q. Tabarestani, Alyssa M. Bartlett, Timothy Y. Wang, David Huie, Oren Gottfried, Jeanna Blitz, Melissa Erickson, Shivanand P. Lad, W. Michael Bullock, Christopher I. Shaffrey, Muhammad M. Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(8): 2410. CrossRef
Do nutritional assessment tools (PNI, CONUT, GNRI) predict adverse events after spinal surgeries? A systematic review and meta-analysis Zhi Huang, Hanbo Wang, Yifeng Da, Shengxiang Liu, Wenkai Zheng, Feng Li Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Trends in degenerative lumbar spinal surgery during the early COVID-19 pandemic in Republic of Korea: A national study utilizing the national health insurance database Woon Tak Yuh, Jinhee Kim, Mi-Sook Kim, Jun-Hoe Kim, Young Rak Kim, Sum Kim, Chun Kee Chung, Chang-Hyun Lee, Sung Bae Park, Kyoung-Tae Kim, John M. Rhee, Young San Ko, Chi Heon Kim, Kentaro Yamada PLOS ONE.2024; 19(6): e0305128. CrossRef
Evolution, Current Trends, and Latest Advances of Endoscopic Spine Surgery Sharvari Gunjotikar, Malcolm Pestonji, Masato Tanaka, Tadashi Komatsubara, Shashank J. Ekade, Ahmed Majid Heydar, Huynh Kim Hieu Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(11): 3208. CrossRef
A novel endoscope-port unit for lumbar microendoscopic surgery: a single-center case series review Vicente de Paulo Martins Coelho Junior, Anthony M. Alvarado, Richard G. Fessler Neurosurgical Review.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Three-dimensional endoscopy in lumbar spine surgery as a novel approach for degenerative pathologies: a case report Alison Ma, Nathan Xie, Joseph Reidy, Ralph Jasper Mobbs Journal of Surgical Case Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Enhancing Cadaver Labs for Endoscopic Spine Surgery: The Glove as the “Lesion” Gaetano De Biase, Oluwaseun O. Akinduro, Stephen M. Pirris World Neurosurgery.2024; 191: e341. CrossRef
The evolution and integration of technology in spinal neurosurgery: A scoping review Moksada Regmi, Weihai Liu, Shikun Liu, Yuwei Dai, Ying Xiong, Jun Yang, Chenlong Yang Journal of Clinical Neuroscience.2024; 129: 110853. CrossRef
Assessment of Clinical Outcomes and Pain Management of Single-Level Lumbar Laminectomy Between Unilateral Biportal Endoscopic, Tubular, and Open Approaches Samuel Ezeonu, Nicholas Vollano, Alyssa Capasso, Juan Rodriguez-Rivera, Constance Maglaras, Tina Raman, Yong H. Kim, Charla R. Fischer Journal of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery and Technique.2024; 9(2): 94. CrossRef
INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMEN ANATOMY OF THE LUMBAR SPINE: AN OVERVIEW JOãO PAULO MACHADO BERGAMASCHI, BERNARDO JOSé MOREIRA CHAVES, CARLOS ANDRé ROCHA CAMPOS, MARCELO GIACOMIN DA FONSECA, VICTOR MORALE, LUíS FERNANDO TIRAPELLI, FERNANDA WIRTH Coluna/Columna.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Less Is More: Evaluating the Benefits of Minimally Invasive Spinal Surgery Ali A. Mohamed, Rakan Alshaibi, Steven Faragalla, Garrett Flynn, Asad Khan, Emma Sargent, Youssef Mohamed, Camberly Moriconi, Cooper Williams, Zev Karve, Daniel Colome, Phillip Mitchell Johansen, Brandon Lucke-Wold Life.2024; 15(1): 8. CrossRef
Hybrid Endoscopic Thoracic Discectomy Using Robotic Arm and Navigation for Highly Migrated Calcified Disc Herniation Yi-Hao Liang, Rohit Akshay Kavishwar, Maria Pedraza, Dimas Rahman Setiawan, Jae-Hwan Kim, Jin-Sung Kim Neurospine.2024; 21(4): 1126. CrossRef
Comparative Outcomes of Biportal Endoscopic Decompression, Conventional Subtotal Laminectomy, and Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion for Lumbar Central Stenosis Mu Ha Lee, Hyun Jun Jang, Bong Ju Moon, Kyung Hyun Kim, Dong Kyu Chin, Keun Su Kim, Jeong-Yoon Park Neurospine.2024; 21(4): 1178. CrossRef
Commentary on “The Role and Clinical Outcomes of Endoscopic Spine Surgery of Treating Spinal Metastases; Outcomes of 29 Cases From 8 Countries” Wongthawat Liawrungrueang, Vit Kotheeranurak Neurospine.2023; 20(2): 620. CrossRef
There Is No Spine Surgery Without the Risk of Complications: A Deep Dive Into the Realm of Minimally Invasive and Endoscopic Spine Surgery Jeong-Yoon Park, Arvind G Kulkarni Journal of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery and Technique.2023; 8(Suppl 1): S1. CrossRef
Development of Indications for Endoscopic Spine Surgery: An Overview Fernanda Wirth, Esthael Cristina Querido Avelar Bergamaschi, Fábio da Silva Forti, João Paulo Machado Bergamaschi International Journal of Translational Medicine.2023; 3(3): 321. CrossRef
Overview and Prevention of Complications During Full-Endoscopic Cervical Spine Surgery Young-Rak Kim, Jun-Hoe Kim, Tae-Hwan Park, Hangeul Park, Sum Kim, Chang-Hyun Lee, Kyoung-Tae Kim, Chun Kee Chung, Chi Heon Kim Journal of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery and Technique.2023; 8(2): 153. CrossRef
Near infrared imaging system for preventing blood vision obstruction in endoscopy Meng-Huang Wu, Jason C. Hsu, Jin-Sung Kim, Tsung-Jen Huang, Yi-Hung Huang, Hon Pan Yiu, Ching-Yu Lee, Jowy Tani, Cheng-Chun Chang Optics Express.2023; 31(26): 43877. CrossRef
Interlaminar Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy Versus Microscopic Lumbar Discectomy: A Preliminary Analysis of L5–S1 Lumbar Disc Herniation Outcomes in Prospective Randomized Controlled Trials Yanting Liu, Youngjin Kim, Chan Woong Park, Siravich Suvithayasiri, Khanathip Jitpakdee, Jin-Sung Kim Neurospine.2023; 20(4): 1457. CrossRef
The Endoscopic Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Narrative Review, and Future Perspective Phattareeya Pholprajug, Vit Kotheeranurak, Yanting Liu, Jin-Sung Kim Neurospine.2023; 20(4): 1224. CrossRef
Objective Sacroiliac joint (SIJ) pain is a common cause of chronic low back pain. Full-endoscopic rhizotomy of lateral branches of dorsal rami innervating SIJ is a potential option for patients’ refractory to medical treatment. The full-endoscopic rhizotomy is sometimes challenging under fluoroscopic guidance. This study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the navigation-assisted full-endoscopic rhizotomy for SIJ pain.
Methods The study was a retrospective match-paired study that enrolled consecutive patients undergoing navigation-assisted full-endoscopic rhizotomy for SIJ pain. The patient demographics, clinical outcomes, and operative parameters of endoscopic rhizotomy were compared with conventional cooled radiofrequency ablation (RFA) treatment.
Results The study enrolled 72 patients, including 36 patients in the endoscopic group. Thirty-six patients in the cooled RFA group were matched by age as the control. The follow-up time was at least 1 year. Patient characteristics were similar between the groups. The navigation-assisted endoscopic rhizotomy operation time was significantly longer than the cooled RFA. The visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) significantly decreased after each treatment. However, the between-group comparison revealed that the VAS and ODI of the patients after endoscopic rhizotomy were significantly lower than those after the cooled RFA group. There were no postoperative complications in the study.
Conclusion Navigation-assisted full-endoscopic rhizotomy is an alternative to SIJ pain treatment. Integrating intraoperative navigation can ensure accurate full-endoscopic rhizotomy to provide better durability of pain relief than the cooled RFA.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Subacute and Chronic Low-Back Pain: From MRI Phenotype to Imaging-Guided Interventions Giulia Pacella, Raffaele Natella, Federico Bruno, Michele Fischetti, Michela Bruno, Maria Chiara Brunese, Mario Brunese, Alfonso Forte, Francesco Forte, Biagio Apollonio, Daniele Giuseppe Romano, Marcello Zappia Diagnostics.2026; 16(2): 240. CrossRef
Efficacy and safety of full-endoscopic sacroiliac joint denervation for the treatment of chronic low back pain: a systematic review Dia R. Halalmeh, Yusuf-Zain Ansari, Arwa Jader, Rahul Kumar, Amy Herrera, Saqib Hasan Acta Neurochirurgica.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Full-Endoscopic Sacroiliac Joint Denervation for Painful Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction: A Prospective 2-Year Clinical Outcomes and Predictors for Improved Outcomes Saqib Hasan, Dia Radi Halalmeh, Yusuf-Zain Ansari, Amy Herrera, Christoph P. Hofstetter Neurosurgery.2025; 96(1): 213. CrossRef
Cost-effectiveness analysis of extended endoscopic lumbar foraminotomy (EELF) and transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF): a prospective observational study Jun-Hoe Kim, Hangeul Park, Chang-Hyun Lee, Chi Heon Kim Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Full-Endoscopic Lumbar Rhizotomy for the Treatment of Facetogenic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review of the Current Literature Chao-Jui Chang, Yuan-Fu Liu, Yu-Meng Hsiao, Wei-Lun Chang, Yi-Hung Huang, Keng-Chang Liu, Che-Chia Hsu, Ming-Long Yeh, Cheng-Li Lin Journal of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery and Technique.2025; 10(Suppl 1): S42. CrossRef
Management of sacroiliac joint pain: current concepts Filippo Migliorini, Ludovico Lucenti, Tommaso Bardazzi, Andreas Bell, Federico Cocconi, Nicola Maffulli European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Radiofrequency Ablation of the Sacroiliac Joint Rajesh Naidu Janapala, Emilija Knezevic, Nebojsa Nick Knezevic, Rachana Pasupuleti, Mahendra R. Sanapati, Alan D. Kaye, Vidyasagar Pampati, Sahar Shekoohi, Laxmaiah Manchikanti Current Pain and Headache Reports.2024; 28(5): 335. CrossRef
Minimally invasive interventional procedures for osteoarthritis and inflammatory arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis Jacopo Ciaffi, Nicolas Papalexis, Elena Vanni, Marco Miceli, Cesare Faldini, Lorenza Scotti, Antonella Zambon, Carlo Salvarani, Roberto Caporali, Giancarlo Facchini, Francesco Ursini Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism.2024; 68: 152525. CrossRef
Sacroiliac joint pain: what treatment and when Federico Cocconi, Nicola Maffulli, Andreas Bell, Michael Kurt Memminger, Francesco Simeone, Filippo Migliorini Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics.2024; 24(11): 1055. CrossRef
Endoscopic Radiofrequency Ablation for Sacroiliac Joint Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Bing-Qi Wu, Da-Yue Chen, Lee Kai Xing Alvin, Pang-Hsuan Hsiao, Chia-Yu Lin, Michael Jian-Wen Chen, Ling-Yi Li, Chien-Ying Lai, Hsien-Te Chen, Chun Tseng Journal of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery and Technique.2024; 9(2): 142. CrossRef
Comparative Efficacy of Clinical Interventions for Sacroiliac Joint Pain: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis With Preliminary Design of Treatment Algorithm Yanting Liu, Siravich Suvithayasiri, Jin-Sung Kim Neurospine.2023; 20(3): 997. CrossRef
Fabian Sommer, Ibrahim Hussain, Sertac Kirnaz, Jacob L. Goldberg, Rodrigo Navarro-Ramirez, Lynn B. McGrath Jr, Franziska A. Schmidt, Branden Medary, Pravesh Shankar Gadjradj, Roger Härtl
Neurospine 2022;19(3):574-585. Published online September 30, 2022
Objective Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) is a highly reproducible procedure for the fusion of spinal segments. We recently introduced the concept of “total navigation” to improve workflow and eliminate fluoroscopy. Imageguided surgery incorporating augmented reality (AR) may further facilitate workflow. In this study, we developed and evaluated a protocol to integrate AR into the workflow of MISTLIF.
Methods A case series of 10 patients was the basis for the evaluation of a protocol to facilitate tubular MIS-TLIF by the application of AR. Surgical TLIF landmarks were marked on a preoperative computed tomography (CT)-scan using dedicated software. This marked CT scan was fused intraoperatively with the low-dose navigation CT scan using elastic image fusion, and the markers were transferred to the intraoperative scan. Our experience with this workflow and the surgical outcomes were collected.
Results Our AR protocol was safely implemented in all cases. The TLIF landmarks could be preoperatively planned and transferred to the intraoperative imaging. Of the 10 cases, 1 case had additionally a synovial cyst resection and in 2 cases an additional bony decompression was performed due to central stenosis. The average procedure time was 160.6 ± 31.9 minutes. The AR implementation added 1.72 ± 0.37 minutes to the overall procedure time. No complications occurred.
Conclusion Our findings support the idea that total navigation with AR may further facilitate the workflow, especially in cases with more complex anatomy and for teaching and training purposes. More work is needed to simplify the software and make AR integration more user-friendly.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Augmented Reality Assisted Spine Surgery: Applications and Future Directions Iyan Younus, Rafael Garcia de Oliveira, Kento Yamanouchi, Rajiv K. Sethi, Venu M. Nemani, Jean-Christophe Leveque, Philip K. Louie Operative Neurosurgery.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
The Emerging Reality: A Narrative Review of Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality in Modern Spine Surgery Satish Rudrappa, Swaroop Gopal, Mohammad Sohrab, Ramachandran Govindasamy, Megha M Rao Indian Spine Journal.2026; 9(1): 27. CrossRef
Complications in Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery (2013–2024): Lumbar Spine—Tubular Minimally Invasive Techniques Chibuikem A. Ikwuegbuenyi, Sean Inzerillo, Eesha Gurav, Noah Willett, Mousa Hamad, Alan Hernández-Hernández, Ibrahim Hussain, Galal Elsayed, Osama Kashlan, Roger Härtl Spine.2026; 51(4): E78. CrossRef
The Role of Enabling Technologies in Spine Surgery in India: Expert Consensus Based on Narrative Review Harvinder Singh Chhabra, Bharat R. Dave, Amit Jhala, Ankur Nanda, Gururaj Sangondimath, Pankaj Kandwal, Puneet Girdhar, Shailesh Hadgaonkar, Umesh Srikantha, Vidyadhara Srinivasa, Sudhir Dubey Indian Spine Journal.2026; 9(1): 3. CrossRef
Augmented reality assisted minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: feasible and effective workflow with intraoperative video Iyan Younus, Rafael Garcia de Oliveira, Patricia Lipson, Aiyush Bansal, Philip Louie European Spine Journal.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in General Surgery: Opportunities and Challenges Sepehr Seifi, Hadi Sahrai, Negin Safari Dehnavi, Fatemeh Amiri, Seyed Mohammad Amin Dashti, Ali Noruzi, Niloofar Taheri, Reza Mosaddeghi-Heris, Ali Seifi Cureus.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
The Use of Augmented Reality as an Educational Tool in Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion Franziska A. Schmidt, Ibrahim Hussain, Blake Boadi, Fabian J. Sommer, Claudius Thomé, Roger Härtl Operative Neurosurgery.2025; 28(2): 183. CrossRef
Posterior and Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion Arpan A. Patel, Shaarada Srivatsa, Mark A. Davison, Michael P. Steinmetz Neurosurgery Clinics of North America.2025; 36(1): 11. CrossRef
Augmented Reality in Spine Surgery Bayard R. Wilson, Timothy Y. Wang, John O'Toole Neurosurgery.2025; 96(3S): S103. CrossRef
Evolution of the Minimally Invasive Surgery Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Where Are We Now? Abraham Dada, Satvir Saggi, Vardhaan S. Ambati, Arati Patel, Praveen V. Mummaneni Neurosurgery.2025; 96(3S): S33. CrossRef
Augmented Reality in Scoliosis Correction Surgery: Efficiency and Accuracy in Pedicle Screw Instrumentation Chia-Ning Chang, Chi-Ruei Li, Sian-Siang Liao, Chiung-Chyi Shen, Kai-Yuan Chen, Chung-Hsin Lee, Meng-Yin Yang Medicina.2025; 61(4): 576. CrossRef
The Evolution of Spatial Computing in Spine Surgery: Tracing the Historical Arc to Present Day Implementation Galal A. Elsayed, Gabrielle Dykhouse, Chibuikem A. Ikwuegbuenyi, Noah Willett, Ibrahim Hussain, Mousa Hamad, Osama Nezar Kashlan, Roger Härtl World Neurosurgery.2025; 204: 124514. CrossRef
Augmented reality in spine surgery – past, present, and future Tej D. Azad, Anmol Warman, Jovanna A. Tracz, Liam P. Hughes, Brendan F. Judy, Timothy F. Witham The Spine Journal.2024; 24(1): 1. CrossRef
Innovations in Spine Surgery: A Narrative Review of Current Integrative Technologies George Bcharah, Nithin Gupta, Nicholas Panico, Spencer Winspear, Austin Bagley, Morgan Turnow, Randy D'Amico, Alvan-Emeka K. Ukachukwu World Neurosurgery.2024; 184: 127. CrossRef
Augmented Reality Integration in Skull Base Neurosurgery: A Systematic Review Emir Begagić, Hakija Bečulić, Ragib Pugonja, Zlatan Memić, Simon Balogun, Amina Džidić-Krivić, Elma Milanović, Naida Salković, Adem Nuhović, Rasim Skomorac, Haso Sefo, Mirza Pojskić Medicina.2024; 60(2): 335. CrossRef
Using Augmented Reality Technology to Optimize Transfacet Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Case Report Anas Bardeesi, Troy Q. Tabarestani, Stephen M. Bergin, Chuan-Ching Huang, Christopher I. Shaffrey, Walter F. Wiggins, Muhammad M. Abd-El-Barr Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(5): 1513. CrossRef
Image-Guided Navigation in Spine Surgery: From Historical Developments to Future Perspectives John Preston Wilson, Lane Fontenot, Caleb Stewart, Deepak Kumbhare, Bharat Guthikonda, Stanley Hoang Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(7): 2036. CrossRef
Improving Patient Education Using Augmented Reality for Spine Fractures: Feasibility Study and Review of Literature David J. Mazur-Hart, Jamila A. Godil, Brandi W. Pang, Adeline Fecker, Dominic A. Siler, Samantha Yau, James T. Obayashi, Jesse Courtier, Won Hyung A. Ryu Journal of Medical Extended Reality.2024; 1(1): 84. CrossRef
Augmenting Reality in Spinal Surgery: A Narrative Review of Augmented Reality Applications in Pedicle Screw Instrumentation Sheng-Xian Xiao, Wen-Tien Wu, Tzai-Chiu Yu, Ing-Ho Chen, Kuang-Ting Yeh Medicina.2024; 60(9): 1485. CrossRef
Complications in Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery in the Last 10 Years: A Narrative Review Blake I. Boadi, Chibuikem Anthony Ikwuegbuenyi, Sean Inzerillo, Gabrielle Dykhouse, Rachel Bratescu, Mazin Omer, Osama N. Kashlan, Galal Elsayed, Roger Härtl Neurospine.2024; 21(3): 770. CrossRef
Augmented Reality Support for Anterior Decompression and Fusion Using Floating Method for Cervical Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament Hiroaki Onuma, Kenichiro Sakai, Yoshiyasu Arai, Ichiro Torigoe, Masaki Tomori, Kyohei Sakaki, Takashi Hirai, Satoru Egawa, Yutaka Kobayashi, Atsushi Okawa, Toshitaka Yoshii Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(8): 2898. CrossRef
Augmented Reality in Minimally Invasive Spinal Surgery: A Narrative Review of Available Technology Noah Pierzchajlo, Taylor C. Stevenson, Huey Huynh, Jimmy Nguyen, Samuel Boatright, Priya Arya, Sachiv Chakravarti, Yusuf Mehrki, Nolan J. Brown, Julian Gendreau, Seung Jin Lee, Selby G. Chen World Neurosurgery.2023; 176: 35. CrossRef
The Future of Neuroendoscopy: Looking Ahead Through a Lens Umberto Tosi, Mark M. Souweidane World Neurosurgery.2023; 178: 311. CrossRef
Lumbar degenerative disease is a common problem in an aging society. Oblique lateral interbody fusion (OLIF) is a minimally invasive surgical (MIS) technique that utilizes a retroperitoneal antepsoas corridor to treat lumbar degenerative disease. OLIF has theoretical advantages over other lumbar fusion techniques, such as a lower risk of lumbar plexus injury than direct lateral interbody fusion (DLIF). Previous studies have reported favorable clinical and radiological outcomes of OLIF in various lumbar degenerative diseases. The use of OLIF is increasing, and evidence on OLIF is growing in the literature. The indications for OLIF are also expanding with the help of recent technical developments, including stereotactic navigation systems and robotics. In this review, we present current evidence on OLIF for the treatment of lumbar degenerative disease, focusing on the expansion of surgical indications and recent advancements in the OLIF procedure.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Biomechanical comparison of oblique lateral interbody fusion with interspinous versus other fixation techniques: A finite element study Zhenggang Li, Yiming Liang, Mingqi Jiang, Yonghui Zhao, Jiayu Chen, Xionggang Yang, Sheng Lu Medicine.2026; 105(16): e48346. CrossRef
Determinants of lateral fusion in single-level oblique lateral lumbar interbody fusion: a retrospective analysis of fusion patterns and clinical outcomes Tong Yongjun, Song Haixin, Fu Chudi, Liu Junhui, Huang Bao, Fan Shunwu, Zhao Fengdong Asian Spine Journal.2026; 20(1): 107. CrossRef
Oblique lateral interbody fusion: role of the elastic modulus of the cage material in mechanically induced osteogenesis Teng Lu, Zhongwei Sun, Xijing He Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine.2026; 276: 109242. CrossRef
Oblique Lateral Interbody Fusion With Lateral Vertebral Screw Fixation Versus Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion for Severe Lumbar Stenosis: Results of a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial Xuefeng Li, Cheng Lin, Tangyiheng Chen, Renjie Li, Dapeng Li, Sheng Song, Huilin Yang, Genlei Chu, Weimin Jiang, Yijie Liu Neurosurgery.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Global research progress in oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF): A bibliometric analysis Pengzheng Tang, Tianxu Geng, Zhongshan Wang, Hongping Yang Asian Journal of Surgery.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
The Role of Hounsfield Units in Predicting Cage Subsidence After Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Chen Zhang, Zachary Chu, Jonathan Boey, Reuben Chee Cheong Soh World Neurosurgery.2026; 208: 124836. CrossRef
Mid-term effects of posterior versus oblique lumbar interbody fusion on spinopelvic alignment and clinical outcomes in lumbar spinal stenosis: a retrospective comparative cohort study Haixu Wang, Wei Du, Li Zhang, Xiaoping Wang, Rong Chen, Lanchun Ren, Yue Zheng, Zhe Lin, Zhiyong Hou Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of Clinical and Radiological Outcomes of Oblique Lateral Interbody Fusion With and Without rhBMP-2 at 1 Year Postoperatively Dongook Kim, Seonpyo Jang, Hyoungmin Kim, Bong-Soon Chang, Sam Yeol Chang Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery.2026; 33(1): 15. CrossRef
Global research landscape and citation dynamics of oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF): A bibliometric analysis of the 100 most influential articles Badr Hafiz, Thamer Alsharif, Faisal Sukkar, Moaath Alghamdi, Ali Zaki Alhabib, Shuruq Obaid Alshammari, Saleh Baeesa Brain and Spine.2026; 6: 106043. CrossRef
Minimally invasive spine surgery: current advantages, limitations, and future directions Weonmin Cho, Soo-Bin Lee, Seong Ho Oh, Young-Seo Park, Kyung-Yil Kang Asian Spine Journal.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Functional Ureteral Obstruction Due to Retroperitoneal Tissue Interposition During Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Report of Two Cases Jun-Seok Lee, Young-Hoon Kim, Sang-Il Kim, Kihyun Kwon, Sangjun Park, Joonghyun Ahn, Chungwon Bang, Hyung-Youl Park Journal of Clinical Medicine.2026; 15(9): 3235. CrossRef
Lumbar Plexopathy and Exploration Following an Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion (OLIF) iFactor‐Associated Complication: A Case Report Charles Taylor, Arka Banerjee, Hasan Raza, James Geddes, Liam Rose, Margot Montgommery, Mohammed Abdelhamid, Timothy Bishop, Jason Bernard, Darren Lui, Shashank Kaushik Case Reports in Orthopedics.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of clinical efficacy between endoscope-assisted oblique lumbar interbody fusion and posterior lumbar interbody fusion in the treatment of lumbar degenerative diseases Haoran Han, Can Cao, Zekai Sun, Wenyi Li Frontiers in Surgery.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
A finite element-based comparative dynamic biomechanical study of a novel oblique lateral locking plate system (OLLPS) versus traditional internal fixations for oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) under whole-body vibration Yinge Wang, Xiaoming Fu, Dan He, Shengju Zhu, Sha Tu, Dongyang Zou, Wei Wang Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
A New Pilot Hole Preparation System for Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Placement Chaobo Feng, Longfei Wang, Sheng Yang, Xinbo Wu, Yunshan Fan, Huang Yan, Fangjing Chen, Jia Chen, Xiang Wang, Qishuai Guo, Longxiang Yao, Yingchuan Zhao, Shisheng He, Haijian Ni Spine.2025; 50(2): 115. CrossRef
Lateral Fusion is a Unique Feature in Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study Tong Yongjun, Fu Chudi, Zhang Qibin, Huang Bao, Ou Changjiang, Zhang Xuyang, Liu Junhui, Fan Shunwu, Zhao Fengdong Global Spine Journal.2025; 15(5): 2714. CrossRef
Facet Joint Block: A Temporary Fix for an Iatrogenic Problem After Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion? Mary L. Forte Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.2025; 107(1): e2. CrossRef
The risk factors for low back pain following oblique lateral interbody fusion: focus on sarcopenia Dazhuang Miao, Mengke Fan, Weiqi Zhang, Xiaowei Ma, Hui Wang, Xianda Gao, Di Zhang Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Analysis of the therapeutic efficacy of OLIF combined with posterior percutaneous pedicle screw fixation in the treatment of patients with primary lumbar spondylodiscitis Liang Deng, Yu Zhou, Moliang Xiong, Jihuan Zeng, Caiguang Luo, Jia Guo, Qiang Xiao Frontiers in Surgery.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Which subtypes of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis are suitable for oblique lumbar interbody fusion? A retrospective study in China based on the clinical and radiographic degenerative spondylolisthesis classification Xianghe Wang, Hongwei Wang, Xiaosheng Ma, Xinlei Xia, Feizhou Lyu, Haocheng Xu, Hongli Wang Asian Spine Journal.2025; 19(1): 112. CrossRef
Instrumented Facet Fusion in the Lumbosacral Spine: Long-Term Clinical and Radiographic Results Chang Hwa Ham, Seung Jin Choi, Woo-Keun Kwon, Hong Joo Moon, Joo Han Kim, Youn-Kwan Park World Neurosurgery.2025; 196: 123730. CrossRef
Complications of anterior-to-psoas and their avoidance and treatment Chang Hwa Ham, Woo-Keun Kwon, Joo Han Kim Seminars in Spine Surgery.2025; 37(1): 101161. CrossRef
L2/3, L3/4 and L4/5 oblique lumbar interbody fusion/anterior to psoas: Anatomical and technical considerations Prashanth J Rao, Nipun Shreshtha, Gayani Petersingham, Andrew J Berg, Kevin Seex Seminars in Spine Surgery.2025; 37(1): 101162. CrossRef
Radiological Outcomes and Approach-Related Complications in Oblique Lateral Interbody Fusion at the Upper Lumbar Level Hee-Woong Chung, Han-Dong Lee, Myungsub Lee, Nam-Su Chung Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(10): 3333. CrossRef
Finite element analysis of pedicle screw fixation biomechanics and adjacent segment degeneration in varied bone conditions Linling Zhang, Zhongxiang Yu, Xuanzong Zhang, Hongsheng Zhan, Kuan Wang, Yongfang Zhao, Maohua Lin, Frank Vrionis, Huihao Wang Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The feasibility of robotic navigation in single position oblique lateral spine surgery. A technical note and a retrospective study Asrafi Rizki Gatam, Luthfi Gatam, Ajiantoro Ajiantoro, Omar Luthfi, Phedy Phedy, Harmantya Mahadhipta, Syafruddin Husin, Karina Sylvana Gani, Mitchel Mitchel, Erica Kholinne Frontiers in Surgery.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Lumbar Interbody Fusions: Review of Uses, Techniques, and Complications
Daniel T. DeGenova, Nathaniel J. Starcher, Tristian M. Rodriquez, Caleb A. Hogge, Madeline A. Kilby, Marque T. Kriebel, Isaac Korb, F. Paul DeGenova Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants.2025; 35(3): 63. CrossRef
Influence of Modic Changes on Lateral vs. Central Fusion Features in Stand-Alone Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Retrospective Analysis of Outcomes, Imaging, and Histology Tong Yongjun, Qiu Xiaoming, Zhang Qibin, Huang Bao, Zhang Xuyang, Liu Junhui, Fan Shunwu, Zhao Fengdong World Neurosurgery.2025; 203: 124486. CrossRef
Postoperative Fluid Collections after Lumbar Spine Surgery: Differential Diagnosis and Surgical Considerations Hoiwan Cheung, Shari T. Jawetz, Christian Geannette RadioGraphics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Prediction of Angle Loss after L4/5 Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion : Development of a Risk Stratification Model Se-Woon Kim, Su-Hun Lee, Jun-Seok Lee, Chi-Hyung Lee, Chang-Hyun Kim, Soon-Ki Sung, Dong-Wuk Son, Sang-Weon Lee Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society.2025; 68(6): 724. CrossRef
Ibero-Latin American Consensus on Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion (L2-L5): A Modified Delphi Study Federico Landriel, Alderico Girão Campos de Barros, Rubén Alejandro Morales Ciancio, Alfonso Vega, Alisson R. Teles, Álvaro Silva González, Carlos Abraham Arellanes-Chávez, David Suárez-Fernández, Gerd Bordon, Javier Gutierrez, José Augusto Malheiros, Jua World Neurosurgery.2025; 203: 124490. CrossRef
Facet-Sparing Trans-Kambin Lumbar Interbody Fusion Versus Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion (Anterior-to-Psoas): Effect on Disc Height, Segmental Lordosis, and Lumbar Lordosis – Retrospective Case Series Sharvin Sheth, Amit Jhala, Akash Vasavda, Harsh Kotecha Journal of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery and Technique.2025; 10(2): 183. CrossRef
Anterior Column Realignment Using an Anterior-To-Psoas Approach: A Radiographic-Anatomic Feasibility Study at L1-L5 Takashi Hirase, Caleb Shin, Jeyvikram Thirumavalavan, Venkat Boddapati, Tiffany Lee, Varan Haghshenas, Rex AW Marco Global Spine Journal.2024; 14(7): 1959. CrossRef
Additional cement augmentation reduces cage subsidence and improves clinical outcomes in oblique lumbar interbody fusion combined with anterolateral screw fixation: A retrospective cohort study Shih-Feng Hung, Tsung-Ting Tsai, Sheng-Fen Wang, Ming-Kai Hsieh, Fu-Cheng Kao Current Problems in Surgery.2024; 61(2): 101441. CrossRef
The effect of polymethylmethacrylate augmentation on the primary stability of stand-alone implant construct versus posterior stabilization in oblique lumbar interbody fusion with osteoporotic bone quality— a finite element study Ferenc Bereczki, Mate Turbucz, Agoston Jakab Pokorni, Benjamin Hajnal, Marton Ronai, Istvan Klemencsics, Aron Lazary, Peter Endre Eltes The Spine Journal.2024; 24(7): 1323. CrossRef
The Evolution of Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Journey from Past to Present Anthony Xi Jie Wong, Derek Haowen Tang, Arun-Kumar Kaliya-Perumal, Jacob Yoong-Leong Oh Medicina.2024; 60(3): 378. CrossRef
Oblique lateral interbody fusion at L5-S1: feasibility, surgical approach window, incision line, and influencing factors Rusheel Nayak, Jacob Razzouk, Omar Ramos, Shaurya Mehta, Gideon Harianja, Nathaniel Wycliffe, Olumide Danisa, Wayne Cheng European Spine Journal.2024; 33(7): 2604. CrossRef
Expandable Cages for Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Narrative Review Soo-Bin Lee, Jonghun Yoon, Sung-Jun Park, Dong-Sik Chae Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(10): 2889. CrossRef
Innovative Developments in Lumbar Interbody Cage Materials and Design: A Comprehensive Narrative Review Sam Yeol Chang, Dong-Ho Kang, Samuel K. Cho Asian Spine Journal.2024; 18(3): 444. CrossRef
Risk Factors for Adjacent Segment Disease Following Minimally Invasive L5-Floating Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion Dong-Ho Kang, Bong-Soon Chang, Hyoungmin Kim, Dongook Kim, Sanghyun Park, Sam Yeol Chang Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery.2024; 31(2): 31. CrossRef
A Comprehensive Analysis of Potential Complications after Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion : A Review of Postoperative Magnetic Resonance Scans in Over 400 Cases Kang-Hoon Lee, Su-Hun Lee, Jun-Seok Lee, Young-Ha Kim, Soon-Ki Sung, Dong-Wuk Son, Sang-Weon Lee, Geun-Sung Song Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society.2024; 67(5): 550. CrossRef
Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion Combined with Posterior Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Internal Fixation: Does Variability in Cage Position Influence Clinical Outcomes? Xingda Chen, Liekun Chen, Jingjing Tang, Wanyan Chen, Zefeng Song, Zelin Zhou, Hang Zhuo, Riwei Tan, Rueishiuan Jiang, Wenhua Zhao, De Liang, Hui Ren, Gengyang Shen, Xiaobing Jiang World Neurosurgery.2024; 189: e904. CrossRef
Effects of the Severity of Stenosis on Clinical Outcomes of Indirect Decompression Using Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion Dong-Ho Kang, Jonghyuk Baek, Bong-Soon Chang, Hyoungmin Kim, Seong Hwa Hong, Sam Yeol Chang Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(15): 4421. CrossRef
The Clinical Application and Research Progress of Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion (OLIF) 朝硕 刘 Advances in Clinical Medicine.2024; 14(10): 1317. CrossRef
Unique characteristics of bone union at the infected vertebrae after minimally invasive posterior fixation without bone grafting in thoracolumbar pyogenic spondylitis: a retrospective multicenter cohort study Hisanori Gamada, Toru Funayama, Keigo Nagasawa, Takane Nakagawa, Shun Okuwaki, Kaishi Ogawa, Yosuke Shibao, Katsuya Nagashima, Kengo Fujii, Yosuke Takeuchi, Masaki Tatsumura, Itsuo Shiina, Tsukasa Nakagawa, Masashi Yamazaki, Masao Koda BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Intraoperative Facet Joint Block Reduces Pain After Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion Sung Hyeon Noh, Sang-Woo Lee, Jong-moon Hwang, JinWoo Jung, Eunyoung Lee, Dae-Chul Cho, Chi Heon Kim, Kyoung-Tae Kim Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Postoperative urinary retention after oblique lumbar interbody fusion under the systematic management protocol Joonsoo Lim, Jangyeob Lim, Asfandyar Khan, Chang-Hyun Lee, Jun-Hoe Kim, Sejin Choi, Tae-Shin Kim, Yunhee Choi, Chun Kee Chung, Sangwook T. Yoon, Kyoung-Tae Kim, Chi Heon Kim Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Shape-memory collagen scaffold combined with hyaluronic acid for repairing intervertebral disc Young Won Koo, Chang Su Lim, Anjani Darai, JiUn Lee, Wonjin Kim, Inbo Han, Geun Hyung Kim Biomaterials Research.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Looking Back on 2022 With Neurospine Dal-Sung Ryu, Inbo Han Neurospine.2023; 20(1): 158. CrossRef
Efficacy of oblique lumbar interbody fusion versus transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in the treatment of lumbar degenerative diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis Xi-yong Li, Yun-lu Wang, Su Yang, Chang-sheng Liao, Song-feng Li, Peng-yong Han, Peng-fei Han Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery.2023; 143(9): 5657. CrossRef
Anterior-To-Psoas Approach Measurements, Feasibility, Non-Neurological Structures at Risk and Influencing Factors: A Bilateral Analysis From L1-L5 Using Computed Tomography Imaging Jacob Razzouk, Omar Ramos, Shaurya Mehta, Gideon Harianja, Nathaniel Wycliffe, Olumide Danisa, Wayne Cheng Operative Neurosurgery.2023; 25(1): 52. CrossRef
Comparing Efficacy of Lumbar Disc Space Preparation via an Anterior-to-Psoas Approach Between Intraoperative Conventional Fluoroscopy and Computed Tomographic-Based Navigation System: A Cadaveric Study Worawat Limthongkul, Waranyoo Wathanavasin, Vit Kotheeranurak, Thanadol Tangdamrongtham, Teerachat Tanasansomboon, Wicharn Yingsakmongkol, Weerasak Singhatanadgige World Neurosurgery.2023; 176: e226. CrossRef
Commentary on “Three-Dimensional-Printed Titanium Versus Polyetheretherketone Cages for Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Systematic Review of Comparative In Vitro, Animal, and Human Studies” Yanting Liu, Siravich Suvithayasiri, Jin-Sung Kim Neurospine.2023; 20(2): 464. CrossRef
Perioperative Clinical Features and Long-term Prognosis After Oblique Lateral Interbody Fusion (OLIF), OLIF With Anterolateral Screw Fixation, or OLIF With Percutaneous Pedicle Fixation: A Comprehensive Treatment Strategy for Patients With Lumbar Degenera Xiangyu Zhang, Yutian Wang, Weikang Zhang, Shaocheng Liu, Zhenlei Liu, Kai Wang, Hao Wu Neurospine.2023; 20(2): 536. CrossRef
Mini-Open Intercostal Retroperitoneal Approach for Upper Lumbar Spine Lateral Interbody Fusion Su Hun Lee, Dong Wuk Son, Sung Hyun Bae, Jun Seok Lee, Young Ha Kim, Soon Ki Sung, Sang Weon Lee, Geun Sung Song Neurospine.2023; 20(2): 553. CrossRef
Antepsoas Approaches to the Lumbar Spine Travis S. CreveCoeur, Colin P. Sperring, Anthony M. DiGiorgio, Dean Chou, Andrew K. Chan Neurosurgery Clinics of North America.2023; 34(4): 619. CrossRef
Comparison of Lumbosacral Fusion Grade in Patients after Transforaminal and Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion with Minimum 2‐Year Follow‐Up Jinping Liu, Rong Xie, Cynthia T. Chin, Priya Rajagopalan, Ping‐Guo Duan, Bo Li, Shane Burch, Sigurd H. Berven, Praveen V. Mummaneni, Dean Chou Orthopaedic Surgery.2023; 15(9): 2334. CrossRef
Letter to the Editor : Classifying the Anatomical Location of the Ureter after Retroperitoneal Dissection Su-Hun Lee, Dong-Wuk Son, Jun-Seok Lee, Geun-Sung Song Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society.2023; 66(5): 605. CrossRef
Surgical treatment of spondylolisthesis by oblique lumbar interbody fusion and transpedicular screw fixation: Comparison between conventional double position versus navigation-assisted single lateral position Junghoon Han, Chang-Min Ha, Woon Tak Yuh, Young San Ko, Jun-Hoe Kim, Tae-Shin Kim, Chang-Hyun Lee, Sungjoon Lee, Sun-Ho Lee, Asfandyar Khan, Chun Kee Chung, Chi Heon Kim, Mohamed El-Sayed Abdel-Wanis PLOS ONE.2023; 18(9): e0291114. CrossRef
The Influence of Spondylolisthesis Reduction on the Adjacent Lumbar Segment Tae-Hwan Park, Yunhee Choi, Tae-Shin Kim, Jun-Hoe Kim, Chang-Hyun Lee, Sum Kim, Young Rak Kim, Yong San Ko, Woon Tak Yuh, John M. Rhee, Kyoung-Tae Kim, Chun Kee Chung, Chi Heon Kim The Nerve.2023; 9(2): 91. CrossRef
The Fate of Pre-Existing L5-S1 Degeneration following Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion of L4-L5 and Above Dong-Ho Kang, Ji Hwan Kim, Bong-Soon Chang, Hyoungmin Kim, Dongook Kim, Sanghyun Park, Seong Hwa Hong, Sam Yeol Chang Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(23): 7463. CrossRef
An Expanded Surgical Corridor of Oblique Lateral Interbody Fusion at L4–5: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study Worawat Limthongkul, Pakawas Praisarnti, Teerachat Tanasansomboon, Natavut Prasertkul, Vit Kotheeranurak, Wicharn Yingsakmongkol, Weerasak Singhatanadgige Neurospine.2023; 20(4): 1450. CrossRef
Fusion Assessment of Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion Using Demineralized Bone Matrix: A 2-Year Prospective Study Sangseok Lee, Jin Woo Jung, Sang-Woo Lee, Kyoung-Tae Kim, Heum-Dai Kwon, Subum Lee, Young San Ko, Pius Kim, Dae-Chul Cho Neurospine.2023; 20(4): 1205. CrossRef
Simultaneous Single-Position Oblique Lateral Interbody Fusion Combined With Unilateral Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation for Single-Level Lumbar Tuberculosis: A 3-Year Retrospective Comparative Study Jinyue He, Jiezhong Deng, Yusheng Yang, Tingting Zheng, Fei Luo, Jianzhong Xu, Zehua Zhang Neurospine.2023; 20(4): 1306. CrossRef
The Combined Effects of RhBMP-2 and Systemic RANKL Inhibitor in Patients With Bone Density Loss Undergoing Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Retrospective Observational Analysis With Propensity Score Matching Seungjun Ryu, Seon-Jin Yoon, Chang Kyu Lee, Seong Yi, Keung-Nyun Kim, Yoon Ha, Dong Ah Shin Neurospine.2023; 20(4): 1186. CrossRef
Oblique lateral interbody fusion: The fundamentals for practice Clare E. Griffis, Christopher P. Carroll Seminars in Spine Surgery.2022; 34(3): 100973. CrossRef
The Future of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery Dong Hwa Heo, Yoon Ha, Seung Yi, Hungtae Chung Neurology India.2022; 70(Suppl 2): S104. CrossRef
Endoscopic spine surgery for the treatment of degenerative spinal diseases from lumbar to cervical spine has accelerated over the past 2 decades. Posterior endoscopic cervical discectomy (PECD) has been described as a safe, effective, and minimally invasive procedure for cervical radiculopathy or even part of the myelopathy. This procedure also has been validated with comparable outcomes to open and microscopic surgery. Radiculopathy due to foraminal disc herniation or foraminal stenosis should be the optimum indications of this procedure. Intraoperative 3-dimensional navigation can help surgeons to get quick and great quality guidance for endoscopic surgeons. In this review, we will focus on the technical details and evidence-based results of PECD which is a promising procedure for cervical radiculopathy with the advantages of a minimally invasive method.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Full-endoscopic posterior cervical foraminotomy: Case-series and technical nuances Sameer Nazeeruddin, Jean-Yves Fournier, Alexandre Simonin World Neurosurgery: X.2026; 29: 100559. CrossRef
Uniportal non-coaxial endoscopic posterior cervical discectomy with annular suture repair for C6/C7 disc herniation: a case report Yaoyu Xiang, Xin Zhang, Fei Sun, Xianguang Yang, Xidan Hu, Jing Yang, Weiqing Ge, Tao Zhou, Yixiao Wang, En Song Frontiers in Surgery.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Automated segmentation of keyhole for percutaneous endoscopic cervical decompression using deep learning Jianjin Zhang, Yongxian Huang, Xiang Liao, Guoxin Fan Asian Journal of Surgery.2026; 49(7): 4482. CrossRef
Intraoperative Navigation in Cervical Spine Surgery Ahmed Majid Heydar, Masato Tanaka, Said Erkam Baykan, Mehmet Burak Yalçın, Uğur Özdemir, Abdülhalim Akar, Serdar Şirazi, Mustafa Kürklü Journal of Clinical Medicine.2026; 15(5): 1746. CrossRef
Intraoperative neuromonitoring use in posterior endoscopic cervical decompression: can it reduce complications? Vit Kotheeranurak, Peem Sarasombath, Khanathip Jitpakdee, Wongthawat Liawrungrueang, Weerasak Singhatanadgige, Worawat Limthongkul, Wicharn Yingsakmongkol, Jin-Sung Kim European Spine Journal.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Full-Endoscopic Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy and Discectomy for Cervical Disc Hernia With Unilateral Radiculopathy Idris Gurpinar, Mehmet Yigit Akgun, Furkan Almas, Ozkan Ates Journal of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery and Technique.2026; 11(1): 149. CrossRef
Long-Term Risk of Subsequent Cervical Fusion After Endoscopic Versus Open Cervical Decompression Ryan Wang, Mohammed Rasheed, William Zeng, Alexander T. Hong, Hannah Cho, Syed I. Khalid, Ankit I. Mehta Global Spine Journal.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
CLINICAL AND SURGICAL OUTCOMES OF POSTERIOR ENDOSCOPIC SURGERY ON THE CERVICAL SPINE IN THE TREATMENT OF CERVICAL PATHOLOGIES Lina Marcia de Araujo Herval, Kelsen de Oliveira Teixeira, Fernando Flores de Araújo, Edgar Takao Utino, Rangel Roberto de Assis, André Luis Rousselet Lafratta, Diogo Sales Archangel dos Santos, Jorge Luis Garcia Ferrabone, Victor da Silva Pereira, Wilson Coluna/Columna.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical and Functional Outcomes of Posterior Endoscopic Decompression for Symptomatic Cervical Disc Herniation Adam Mahendra Teja, Muhammed Anzar, Cheol Wung Park Cureus.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Pain relief and functional outcomes after minimally invasive endoscopic decompression for cervical radiculopathy Yunda Mo, Shuxian Deng, Hongbo Zhang, Wenjie Chen Medicine.2026; 105(28): e49692. CrossRef
Full endoscopic laminotomy decompression for cervical spondylotic myelopathy: A two-year follow-up and technical interpretation Tusheng Li, Guangnan Yang, Zhili Ding, Yu Ding Asian Journal of Surgery.2025; 48(1): 694. CrossRef
A novel endoscopic posterior cervical decompression and interbody fusion technique: Feasibility and biomechanical analysis Guangnan Yang, Yiwei Ding, Jiang Liu, Rigbat Rozi, Zhili Ding, Tusheng Li, Qiang Jiang, Hanshuo Zhang, Jingbo Ma, Jiaheng Han, Yu Ding Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine.2025; 262: 108676. CrossRef
Complications in Full-Endoscopic Posterior Cervical Surgery: A Review of the Literature and Preventive Strategies Vit Kotheeranurak, Pramod V. Lokhande, Thanadol Tangdamrongtham, Teerachat Tassanasoomboon, Khanathip Jitpakdee, Weerasak Singhatanadgige, Worawat Limthongkul, Wicharn Yingsakmongkol, Yanting Liu, Jin-Sung Kim, Surachat Jaroenwareekul Global Spine Journal.2025; 15(7): 3379. CrossRef
Endoscopic posterior cervical foraminotomy techniques and outcomes Thomas E. Olson, Alexander Upfill-Brown, Don Young Park Seminars in Spine Surgery.2024; 36(1): 101086. CrossRef
Full endoscopic laminotomy decompression versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for the treatment of single-segment cervical spinal stenosis: a retrospective, propensity score-matched study Tusheng Li, Jie Huang, Hanshuo Zhang, Zhengcao Lu, Jiang Liu, Yu Ding Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
ENDOSCOPIC OVER-THE-TOP POSTERIOR DECOMPRESSION IN CERVICAL MYELOPATHY: CASE REPORT JOãO PAULO MACHADO BERGAMASCHI, LUCAS DE SOUSA SOARES, GUSTAVO VITELLI DEPIERI, RANGEL ROBERTO DE ASSIS, ESTHAEL CRISTINA QUERIDO AVELAR BERGAMASCHI, KELSEN DE OLIVEIRA TEIXEIRA, MARCELO BOTELHO SOARES DE BRITO, EDGAR TAKAO UTINO, FERNANDA WIRTH Coluna/Columna.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Cervical kinematic change after posterior full-endoscopic cervical foraminotomy for disc herniation or foraminal stenosis Seungyoon Paik, Yunhee Choi, Chun Kee Chung, Young Il Won, Sung Bae Park, Seung Heon Yang, Chang-Hyun Lee, John Min Rhee, Kyoung-Tae Kim, Chi Heon Kim, Thamer Hamdan PLOS ONE.2023; 18(2): e0281926. CrossRef
Endoscopic Decompression Combined with Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation for Treating Thoracolumbar Burst Fractures with Neurological Deficits: Technical Note and Early Outcomes Huiming Yang, Dan Han, Xuan Li World Neurosurgery.2023; 173: e521. CrossRef
Full Endoscopic Spine Surgery for Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy: A Systematic Review Chao-Jui Chang, Yuan-Fu Liu, Yu-Meng Hsiao, Wei-Lun Chang, Che-Chia Hsu, Keng-Chang Liu, Yi-Hung Huang, Ming-Long Yeh, Cheng-Li Lin World Neurosurgery.2023; 175: 142. CrossRef
Clinical efficacy of posterior endoscopic cervical modified trench technique in the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy: A retrospective study Shuangquan Gong, Liqiang Cui, Hongjun Liu, Yu Ye Medicine.2023; 102(21): e33772. CrossRef
Clinical and Radiological Outcomes of a Comparative Study of Anterior Cervical Decompression and Fusion with Partial Pediculotomy, Partial Vertebrotomy (PPPV) Posterior Endoscopic Cervical Decompression (PECD) for Cervical Foraminal Pathology Hyeun Sung Kim, Pang Hung Wu, Brian Zhao Jie Chin, Il Tae Jang Medicina.2023; 59(7): 1222. CrossRef
Fully-Endoscopic Posterior Cervical 2-Level Foraminotomy With Total Pediculectomy for Adjacent-Level Foraminal Stenosis in Severe Degenerative Spondylolisthesis: A Technical Note With 1-Year Follow-up Hyeun-Sung Kim, Harshavardhan Dilip Raorane, Jin Woo An, Yeon Jin Yi, Il Tae Jang Journal of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery and Technique.2023; 8(Suppl 1): S92. CrossRef
Overview and Prevention of Complications During Full-Endoscopic Cervical Spine Surgery Young-Rak Kim, Jun-Hoe Kim, Tae-Hwan Park, Hangeul Park, Sum Kim, Chang-Hyun Lee, Kyoung-Tae Kim, Chun Kee Chung, Chi Heon Kim Journal of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery and Technique.2023; 8(2): 153. CrossRef
Comparative Analysis of 3 Types of Minimally Invasive Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy for Foraminal Stenosis, Uniportal-, Biportal Endoscopy, and Microsurgery: Radiologic and Midterm Clinical Outcomes Ji Yeon Kim, Hyun Jin Hong, Dong Chan Lee, Tae Hyun Kim, Jin Seob Hwang, Choon Keun Park Neurospine.2022; 19(1): 212. CrossRef
The first experience with fully endoscopic posterior cervical foraminotomy and discectomy for radiculopathy performed in Viet Duc University Hospital Son Ngoc Dinh, Hung The Dinh Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Minimally Invasive Full‐endoscopic Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy and Discectomy: Introducing a Simple and Useful Localization Technique of the “V” Point Guibin Zhong, Fan Feng, Xinjin Su, Xiuyuan Chen, Junduo Zhao, Hongxing Shen, Jianwei Chen, Lifeng Lao Orthopaedic Surgery.2022; 14(10): 2625. CrossRef
Posterior Endoscopic Cervical Decompression in Metastatic Cervical Spine Tumors: An Alternative to Palliative Surgery Vit Kotheeranurak, Khanathip Jitpakdee, Yodsawee Pornmeechai, Yutthana Khanasuk, Panyajarn Laohapornsvan, Jin-Sung Kim, Wongthawat Liawrungrueang JAAOS: Global Research and Reviews.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
How I do it? Posterior full-endoscopic cervical discectomy with retrocorporeal technique and hemilaminectomy for highly migrated cervical disk herniation Su-wei Ou, Jae Hwan Lee, Chien-Min Chen, Yu-Hsiang Lin Acta Neurochirurgica.2022; 165(1): 159. CrossRef
Global Trends and Hotspots in Endoscopic Discectomy: A Study Based on Bibliometric Analysis Boyu Wu, Lei Yang, Chengwei Fu, Yue Zhuo, Xiang Feng, Hui Xiong Neurospine.2022; 19(4): 1093. CrossRef
Minimally invasive trans-superior articular process percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy with robot assistance Zongjiang Wang, Ying Tan, Kai Fu, Zhaowu Meng, Liang Wang BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
First
Prev
