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Cervical Spine

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Factors Associated With the Absence of Cervical Spine Instability in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A >10-Year Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study
Neurospine. 2024;21(4):1230-1240.   Published online December 31, 2024
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Factors Associated With the Absence of Cervical Spine Instability in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A >10-Year Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study
Neurospine. 2024;21(4):1230-1240.   Published online December 31, 2024
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Objective
To identify factors associated with the absence of cervical spine instability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
Methods
Cervical spine instability was defined as the presence of at least one of the following: atlantoaxial subluxation, vertical subluxation of the axis, or subaxial subluxation. In 2001–2002, 634 enrolled outpatients with “classical” or “definite” RA underwent a radiographic cervical spine checkup. In 2012–2013, 233 (36.8%) prospectively underwent routine clinical follow-ups with a >10-year radiographic evaluation. The prevalence and independent predictive factors for no instability were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression. Next, 85 of 292 outpatients (29.1%) without baseline cervical spine instability completed consecutive >5-year and >10-year radiographic examinations. The incidence and predictors for no new development of instability were assessed similarly.
Results
Among 233 patients, those without cervical spine instability decreased from 114 (48.9%) to 47 (20.2%) during >10 years. Steinbrocker peripheral joint destruction stages I–II (odds ratio [OR], 3.797; p=0.001), no corticosteroid administration (OR, 2.700; p=0.007), and no previous joint surgery (OR, 2.480; p=0.020) were predictors for no instability. Then, 33 of 85 (38.8%) consecutively followed patients without baseline cervical spine lesions did not develop instability throughout. Steinbrocker stages I–II (OR, 5.355; p=0.005) and no corticosteroid therapy (OR, 3.868; p=0.010) were predictors for no new onset of instability. C-reactive protein (CRP) level≤1.0 mg/dL was marginal in both models (n=233 [OR, 2.013; p=0.057], n=85 [OR, 2.453; p=0.075]).
Conclusion
Steinbrocker stages I–II, no corticosteroids, no previous joint surgery, and possibly CRP ≤1.0 mg/dL are factors associated with >10-year absence of cervical spine instability in RA.
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Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery

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Transforaminal Lumbar Endoscopic Discectomy: A Novel Alternative for Management of Lumbar Disc Herniation in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Neurospine. 2024;21(4):1210-1218.   Published online December 31, 2024
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Transforaminal Lumbar Endoscopic Discectomy: A Novel Alternative for Management of Lumbar Disc Herniation in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Neurospine. 2024;21(4):1210-1218.   Published online December 31, 2024
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Objective
Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) represents an increasingly encountered condition in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of the present study is to assess the progress of health-related quality of life following transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy (TELD) for LDH in patients suffering from RA.
Methods
Seventy-four patients, scheduled to undergo elective TELD for LDH, were prospectively enrolled in the study. Group A included 36 otherwise healthy individuals and group B 38 patients complementarily diagnosed with RA according to the 2010 ACR/EULAR (American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism) criteria. The Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form health survey (SF-36) was selected for the outcome assessment at baseline and postoperatively, at selected intervals at 6 weeks, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively.
Results
Group A presented statistically significantly higher scores in all SF-36 domains and all selected intervals (p<0.001), except for mental health parameter. All aspects of SF-36 questionnaire significantly improved postoperatively (p<0.001) and in each group independently. Nevertheless, the absolute improvement between consecutive time intervals did not differ significantly between the 2 groups.
Conclusion
Patients diagnosed with RA who undergo TELD for LDH demonstrate statistically significant improvement in their health status, as measured by SF-36 questionnaire, one year after the procedure. This improvement is comparable with normal individuals.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Full-Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy: A Review of the Surgical Techniques, Indications and Anatomical Considerations
    Stylianos Kapetanakis, Mikail Chatzivasiliadis, Nikolaos Gkantsinikoudis, Konstantinos Pazarlis
    Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(24): 8961.     CrossRef
  • 3,335 View
  • 95 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref

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Nonrheumatoid Retro-Odontoid Pseudotumors: Characteristics, Surgical Outcomes, and Time-Dependent Regression After Posterior Fixation
Neurospine. 2021;18(1):177-187.   Published online March 31, 2021
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Nonrheumatoid Retro-Odontoid Pseudotumors: Characteristics, Surgical Outcomes, and Time-Dependent Regression After Posterior Fixation
Neurospine. 2021;18(1):177-187.   Published online March 31, 2021
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Objective
Although a retro-odontoid pseudotumor associated with rheumatoid arthritis is a well-known clinical entity, little is known about retro-odontoid pseudotumors not associated with rheumatoid arthritis due to their rarity.
Methods
Between 2006 and 2019, consecutive patients with nonrheumatoid pseudotumors were included and retrospectively compared with patients with rheumatoid pseudotumors.
Results
Nineteen patients had nonrheumatoid pseudotumors (mean age, 73 ± 6 years; male, 53%). All had cervical lesions including ossified anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments with a history of cervical surgery in 5. The mean thickness of the pseudotumors at diagnosis was 8.1 mm (range, 4.2–17.2 mm). Pseudotumor thickness had a significant negative correlation with the atlantodental interval (p = 0.008) and the subaxial range of motion (p = 0.049). In comparison with 7 rheumatoid pseudotumor patients, nonrheumatoid pseudotumor patients were older (p = 0.042), had a higher proportion of males (p = 0.023), had a smaller atlantodental interval (p = 0.007), and had larger pseudotumors at diagnosis (p = 0.030). Of the 19 patients, 18 received posterior fixation with or without C1 laminectomy, while the other received C1 laminectomy alone. The percent pseudotumor thickness at follow-up to those at diagnosis was 91%, 77%, 68%, 46%, 58%, and 49% at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after surgery, respectively.
Conclusion
This study revealed markedly clinical and radiological differences between nonrheumatoid and rheumatoid pseudotumors. The main etiology for nonrheumatoid pseudotumors was subaxial cervical degeneration and ossified lesions. There were good outcomes following posterior fixation and time-dependent pseudotumor regression within 12 months.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Postoperative changes in location and size of retro-odontoid pseudotumor after upper cervical fusion without decompression
    Jaenam Lee, Tae Jeong Park, Hong Seon Lee, Kyung Soo Suk, Sub-ri Park, Namhoo Kim, Ji-Won Kwon, Byung Ho Lee
    European Spine Journal.2026; 35(4): 1839.     CrossRef
  • Exoscope-assisted far-lateral approach for a retro-odontoid pseudotumor in the lateral position without fusion: a technical case report
    Yuma Hiratsuka, Mamoru Fukuda, Michiru Katayama, Yoshinobu Seo, Hirohiko Nakamura, Yasufumi Ohtake
    European Spine Journal.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition (CPPD) in the retro-odontoid tissue with compression of cervicomedullary junction: Analysis of 46 cases (1984–2020) with literature review
    Arnold H. Menezes, Matthew A. Howard, Brian J. Dlouhy
    Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery.2025; 255: 108966.     CrossRef
  • Retro-Odontoid Pseudotumor in Atlantoaxial Instability: Insights Into Presence, Subtypes, and Postoperative Regression
    Dong Hun Kim, Jung Woo Hur, Il Sup Kim, Ho Jin Lee, Jee Yong Kim, Jung Jae Lee, Jong Bum Lee, Jae Taek Hong
    Neurospine.2025; 22(3): 784.     CrossRef
  • Surgical treatment and clinical outcome in non-inflammatory atlantoaxial degeneration and retro-odontoid pseudotumor
    Raimunde Liang, Bernhard Meyer, Vicki M. Butenschoen
    Brain and Spine.2025; 5: 105621.     CrossRef
  • Prevalence of likely retro-odontoid pseudotumor in patients receiving dental CBCT examinations
    Gosia Anna Fryc, Lucas da Cunha Godoy, Chia-Ling Kuo, Alan G. Lurie
    Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology.2024; 137(3): 301.     CrossRef
  • Clinical and MR Predictors of Retro-Odontoid Pseudotumor Regression Following Posterior Fixation in Patients with Atlantoaxial Instability
    Jisu Kim, Youngjune Kim, Eugene Lee, Joon Woo Lee
    Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology.2024; 85(4): 754.     CrossRef
  • Transdural Approach for Resection of Craniovertebral Junction Cysts: Case Series
    Aria M. Jamshidi, Vaidya Govindarajan, Alan D. Levi
    Neurosurgery.2023; 92(3): 615.     CrossRef
  • C1 laminoplasty and posterior atlantoaxial fusion for large retro-odontoid pseudotumor with Instability: A technical note
    Masato Tanaka, Selim Ayhan, Taro Yamauchi, Shinya Arataki, Yoshihiro Fujiwara, Akihiro Kanemaru, Shin Masuda, Kenta Torigoe, Yasuyuki Shiozaki
    Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery.2022; 28: 101478.     CrossRef
  • Cervical Myelopathy Due to Idiopathic Retro-odontoid Pseudotumor
    Hai-bin Wang, Liang Wang, Bangke Zhang, Fei Chen, Songkai Li, Haisong Yang, Xin Zhou, Bin Ni, Xuhua Lu, Qunfeng Guo
    World Neurosurgery.2022; 160: e256.     CrossRef
  • Surgical Versus Conservative Management for Treating Unstable Atlas Fractures: A Multicenter Study
    Jun Jae Shin, Kwang-Ryeol Kim, Joongkyum Shin, Jiin Kang, Ho Jin Lee, Tae Woo Kim, Jae Taek Hong, Sang-Woo Kim, Yoon Ha
    Neurospine.2022; 19(4): 1013.     CrossRef
  • 8,615 View
  • 173 Download
  • 13 Web of Science
  • 11 Crossref

Case Report

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Hemorrhagic Synovial Cyst Associated with Rheumatoid Atlantoaxial Subluxation
Korean J Spine. 2013;10(2):85-87.   Published online June 30, 2013
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Hemorrhagic Synovial Cyst Associated with Rheumatoid Atlantoaxial Subluxation
Korean J Spine. 2013;10(2):85-87.   Published online June 30, 2013
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Synovial cyst on prevertebral space of C1-2 joint is rare but may be associated hemorrhagic event. We describe a case of a 72-year-old woman who presented with sudden severe headache in her left occipital area with dyspnea. She had rheumatoid arthritis for 14-years. Large hemorrhagic cystic mass was seen around prevertebral space of the atlantoaxial joint on the left side on cervical MRI (magnetic resonance image) and it obstructed the nasopharyngeal cavity. Aspiration of the cystic lesion was performed via transoral approach, followed by posterior occipito-cervical fusion. The specimen was xanthochromic, suggesting old hemorrhage. The patient was tolerable on her postoperative course and showed good respiration and relieved headache. We suggest that repeated microtrauma due to atalantoaxial subluxation associated with rheumatoid arthritis as a main cause of hemorrhagic event on the cyst.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Atlantoaxial joint involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical and imaging features
    A. R. Iuskaeva, S. A. Lapshina, R. Z. Abdrakipov, E. V. Sukhorukova, Z. N. Gabdullia, E. S. Zamanova, V. I. Anisimov, E. I. Bogdanov, D. I. Abdulganieva
    Modern Rheumatology Journal.2026; 20(2): 42.     CrossRef
  • An Updated Review on Treatment of Cervical Synovial Cyst
    Tzu-Chiang Peng, Ping-Chuan Liu, Chih-Chang Chang, Hsuan-Kan Chang, Chin-Chu Ko, Tsung-Hsi Tu, Li-Yu Fay, Jau-Ching Wu, Wen-Cheng Huang, Chao-Hung Kuo
    World Neurosurgery.2025; 193: 35.     CrossRef
  • Retro-odontoid pseudotumor presenting double layer on MRI: A case report
    Ryo Kanematsu, Junya Hanakita, Toshiyuki Takahashi, Manabu Minami, Izumi Suda, Sho Nakamura, Shu Takeuchi, Yoshitaka Tsujimoto
    Surgical Neurology International.2022; 13: 446.     CrossRef
  • Anatomy and Biomechanics of Craniocervical Junction—The Mechanism of Non-rheumatoid Retro-odontoid Pseudotumor—
    Ryo Kanematsu, Junya Hanakita, Toshiyuki Takahashi, Manabu Minami, Ryotaro Otsuka, Wakiko Saruta, Hiroya Shimauchi
    Spinal Surgery.2021; 35(1): 16.     CrossRef
  • Cervical myelopathy caused by ventrally located atlanto-axial synovial cysts: An open quest for the safest and most effective surgical management. Case series and systematic review of the literature
    S. Chibbaro, A. Gubian, I. Zaed, F. Hajhouji, R. Pop, J. Todeschi, G. Bernard, P. Di Emidio, C.-H. Mallereau, F. Proust, M. Ganau
    Neurochirurgie.2020; 66(6): 447.     CrossRef
  • Multiple extra-articular synovial cysts accompanied by rheumatoid arthritis in the bilateral elbow joints
    Jingfeng Zhang, Junli Wang, Xiongwei Mao, Zhengang Li
    Medicine.2018; 97(7): e9879.     CrossRef
  • 10,715 View
  • 84 Download
  • 6 Crossref