Rosai-Dorfman Disease in Thoracic Spine: A Rare Case of Compression Fracture
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Abstract
Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy known as Rosai-Dorfman disease is characterized by painless bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy. Extranodal manifestations are uncommon and spinal involvement is rare. A 15-year-old man presented with intermittent midthoracic back pain only. He had no specific findings on neurologic examinations, hematologic and biochemical laboratory tests. Radiological examination of thoracic spine revealed collapse of T6 vertebrae with thoracic kyphosis and osteolytic lesion of T12 vertebra body. He underwent a removal of bone tumor, anterior reconstruction with mesh and pedicle screw fixation via posterior approach for pathologic confirmation and stabilization. Histopathologic study of the lesion revealed focal infiltration of large histiocytes showing emperipolesis. Immunochemistry stain of histiocytes was positive for CD68 and S-100 but negative for CD1a. This report presents a rare case and literature review of extranodal Rosai-dorfman disease in thoracic spine.
INTRODUCTION
Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy known as Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) was first described in 1965 and identified as a distinct clinicopathologic entity in 196915). RDD is a rare histiocytic proliferative disorder of unknown etiology usually characterized by painless bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy3). It typically affects young adults and adolescents. The common clinical findings are fever, lymph node enlargement, leukocytosis, neutrophila, elevation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), hypergammaglobulinemia and weight loss. RDD is potentially systemic disease and may affect extranodal sites up to 43% of all RDD patients3). The common extranodal sites include skin, upper respiratory tract, and bone3). Skeletal involvement as a sole manifestation of RDD is extremely rare, occurring in fewer than 2% of all RDD patients and arise most frequently in long bones such as tibia, femur, humerus, clavicle and bones of the hands2). We present a rare case of thoracic vertebrae compression fracture due to extranodal RDD without lymphadenopathy.
CASE REPORT
A 15-year-old man presented with intermittent midthoracic back pain for about 6 months after slip down during basketball. He had no other symptoms such as fever, chills, malaise and lymph node enlargement. There was no relevant past medical or surgical histories. There was no specific finding on neurological examination. Results of routine hematologic and biochemical laboratory tests include ESR and C-reactive protein (CRP) showed within reference ranges.
A plain radiological examination of thoracic spine revealed collapse of T6 vertebrae with thoracic kyphosis and osteolytic lesion of T12 vertebra body(Fig. 1A). Magnetic resonance (MR) image of thoracic spine demonstrated collapse of T6 vertebrae with mild cord compression. The lesions involving T6 and T12 vertebral body showed slightly high signal intensity in T2-weighted MR images (Fig. 1B-D) and homogenous enhancement in T1-weighted MR images after the administration of gadolinium(Fig. 1E-G). Preoperative computed tomography (CT) scan showed near complete collapse of T6 vertebra body and osteolytic lesion of T12 vertebra. (Fig. 2) Increased tracer activity was shown at the T6, T12 vertebra and epiphysis in whole body bone scan(Fig. 1H)
Lateral view of thoracic spine on plain X-ray image (A) demonstrates compression fracture of T6 vertebrae and a well-defined osteolytic lesion on T12 vertebrae. The lesions involving T6 and T12 vertebral body shows slightly high signal intensity in T2-weighted MR images (B: sagittal, C: axial of T6, D: axial of T12) and homogenous enhancement in T1-weighted MR images after the administration of gadolinium(E: sagittal, F: axial of T6, G: axial of T12), Increased tracer activity is shown at the T6, T12 vertebra and epiphysis in whole body bone scan (H).
Immediate postop operative X-ray image after removal of bone tumor, anterior interbody fusion and screw fixation (A). Preoperative CT scan of thoracic spine shows near complete collapse of T6 vertebra body and osteolytic lesion of T12 vertebra (B: sagittal, C: axial of T6, D: axial of T12). A follow-up CT scan of thoracolumbar spine at one year after operation presents good status of bone fusion on T6 vertebra and bone formation of T12 vertebra body compared with preoperative CT scan (E: sagittal, F: axial of T6, G: axial of T12).
The patient underwent a total laminectomy of T6, left-sided facetectomy at T6/7, removal of bone tumor, anterior reconstruction with mesh and pedicle screw fixation at T5 and T7 for pathologic confirmation and stabilization. Immediate postoperative plain X-rays were shown in Fig. 2. He was discharged from hospital at postoperative 5 days without complications and additional medications except some pain killers.
Histopathologic study of the lesion revealed fibro-osseous tissue showing focal infiltration of large histiocytes representing emperipolesis. These histiocytes were positive for CD68 and S-100, but negative for CD1a in immunochemistry study, that is compatible for RDD(Fig. 3).
Photomicrograph of the lesion demonstrates focal infiltration of large histiocytes showing emperipolesis (A). Immunochemistry stain shows that histiocytes are positive for CD68 (B) and S-100 (C), but negative for CD1a (D).
A follow-up CT scan of thoracolumbar spine at one year after operation presented good status of bone fusion on T6 vertebra and bone formation of T12 vertebra body compared with preoperative CT scan that could be considered self-regression (Fig. 2).
DISCUSSION
The present case is a rare example of compression fracture caused by isolated extranodal RDD involved the thoracic spine without lymphadenopathy. RDD typically affects the bilateral cervical lymph nodes causing painless lymphadenopathy characterized by fever, lymph node enlargement, leukocytosis, neutrophila, elevation of ESR, hypergammaglobulinemia and weight loss. Most patients with RDD are in their second or third decade of life and there is predominant in males and African-Americans3). The etiology of RDD remains unknown; however it is implied that dysfunction of the immune system and an autoimmune process or viral infection such as Epsteine-Barr virus and human herpes virus type 6 might be the causative factors in some former studies7,9,10).
In general, extranodal manifestation without involvement of cervical lymph nodes is uncommon. The common extranodal sites include skin, upper respiratory tract, and bone3). Skeletal involvement as a sole manifestation of RDD is extremely rare, occurring in fewer than 2% of all RDD patients and usually occurs in the long bones such as tibia, femur, humerus, clavicle and bones of the hands or skull, and is multiple. Some cases that involved spine were reported in former studies. Some cases of RDD with intraspinal involvement in the form of intradural or epidural mass lesions causing neurologic deficit due to spinal cord compression1,8,16), and vertebra body involvement4,5,14) were reported. Compression fracture due to spinal involvement of RDD had not been reported to the best our knowledge.
RDD is a rare diagnosis with a variety of imaging manifestations13), so usually requires histology for diagnosis. Skeletal lesions of RDD are typically intramedullary osteolytic with either poorly or sharply defined margins and are rarely sclerotic, that can be confused radiographically with Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), eosinophilic granuloma or other lymphocyte proliferative diseases3,11). The lesion presents low or isosignal intensity on T1- and T2-weighted MR images and intense homogenous enhancement with contrast in most cases, but MR images can be various1). Spinal Rosai-Dorfman disease similarly tends to be confused with meningioma when presenting as dural disease or as metastatic disease of another cause when presenting as vertebral body disease13). The differential diagnosis of a primary bone Rosai-Dorfman disease includes more common lesions, such as bacterial osteomyelitis, fungal infections such as histoplasmosis and Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Special studies such as histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and microbiologic cultures can be very useful to reach the correct diagnosis.
LCH is a close differential diagnosis both on radiology and histology. Both histiocytes of RDD and LCH are positive for CD68 and S100 in immunochemistry but histiocytes of RDD are negative for CD1a. RDD has a typical finding in histopathologic studies, that is emperioplesis; a phenomenon of phagocytosis of intact lymphocytes, plasma cells, erythrocytes or neutrophils. Langerhans cell histiocytosis does not exhibit this phenomenon. So, immunochemical characteristic of the lesions helps to determine the final diagnosis.
Natural history of RDD is uncertain but self-limiting and regresses spontaneously. Previous studies for treatment of RDD concluded that most patients with RDD do not require specific therapy and can expect spontaneous regression6,12). If the vital organ is compressed or other life threatening manifestations are existed due to direct nodal or extranodal involvement, surgical debulking and/or radiotherapy can be considered12). Other treatment modalities such as chemotherapy including methotrexate and 6-Mercaptopurin, high-dose alphainterferon, steroid or antiviral drugs had been attempted for treatment of RDD. Standardized guidelines for surgical treatment have not yet been established nor have the indications for a surgical approach. The performed operative technique was not different from that used to treat thoracic vertebrae fractures. For this case, it is widely accepted that the goal of surgery for thoracic compression fractures is decompression of the neural elements, correction of spinal deformities, and fusion with stabilization. We identified bone formation of T12 vertebra body in the follow-up CT scan of thoracolumbar spine at one year after operation, that could be considered to be resolved spontaneously.
CONCLUSION
Skeletal involvement of RDD is unusual and sole manifestation of spine vertebra is extremely rare. If the young adult or adolescent have compression of vertebra body, RDD can be considered as our case. Because of its rarity, various clinical manifestations and radiologic findings, it was difficult to differentiate from other disease such as Langerhans cell histiocytosis or eosinophilic granuloma on radiologic study alone, so pathologic confirmation was needed. As some former reports did, we could identify that RDD generally has benign clinical course and can be resolved itself.