Traumatic Intradural Lumbar Disc Herniation without Bone Injury
Article information
Abstract
Intradural lumbar disc herniation is a rare disease. According to the reports of intradural lumbar disc herniations, most cases have developed as a chronic degenerative disc diseases. Traumatic intradural lumbar disc herniations are even rarer. A 52-year-old man visited our emergency center with numbness in his left calf and ankle after falling accident. Initial impression by radiologic findings was a spinal subdural hematoma at the L1 level. A follow up image two weeks later, however, did not demonstrate any interval change. The patient was decided to have an operation. In operative findings, a ruptured disc particle penetrating the ventral and dorsal dura was indentified after laminectomy. It was assumed to be a traumatic outcome not a degenerative change.
INTRODUCTION
Intradural disc herniation (IDH) is a rare disease and its incidence is reported as 0.26-0.30% of all disc herniations16). Approximately 92% of all IDHs occur in the lower lumbar spine5,11). IDHs rarely occur in the upper lumbar spine11,13,15). IDHs primarily occur as a result of chronic degenerative diseases and rarely occur due to traumatic events1,14). Traumatic lumbar spine lesions usually result in bony fractures and paraspinal soft tissue injuries rather than isolated disc herniations. In this report, we present a rare case of a patient who exhibited an intradural mass lesion at L1, which initially mimicked a spinal subdural hematoma (SDH) and was later determined to be an IDH without an accompanying lumbar spine bony fracture after a traumatic event.
CASE REPORT
A 52-year-old man presented at the hospital with numbness in his left calf and ankle after falling accident two days ago. The patient was initially admitted at another medical center after the accident but transferred to our hospital at his request. A motor power grade was intact with slightly decreased sensation along the left L5 dermatome. The patient did not have back pain. Bladder and bowel functions were intact, and no other significant abnormalities were found upon neurological examination.
In his medical history, he had visited our hospital six weeks ago with complaints of radiating pain in his right leg along the L5 dermatome after falling down from 2m height. At that time, his lumbar spine magnetic resonance image (MRI) scan exhibited diffuse bulging intervertebral disc in L4-5 (Fig. 1). The patient had received a conservative treatment with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and discharged with the improvement of symptoms.
Lumbar spine magnetic resonance images of six weeks ago. T2 sagittal image presents mild disc protusion in L4-5 disc level (A). Intradural mass or other abnormalities are not detected in L1-2 disc level (B). Disc protusion is seen on axial T2 image in L4-L5 disc level (C).
At this time, the patient's plain radiography did not present bony abnormalities such as fractures or dislocations. In his lumbar computed tomography (CT) scan, a small calcified lesion was found at the L1-2 level, posterior to the disc (Fig. 2). On his lumbar T2-weighted MRI, a high signal intensity with an amorphous shape lesion was located intradurally and it compressed the spinal cord anteriorly at the L1 level (Fig. 3A, B). In his gadolinium-enhanced MRI, the lesion exhibited mild rim enhancement (Fig. 3C) and it presented heterogeneous low signal intensity in the gradient echo (GRE) image (Fig. 3D). We considered the lesion to be a spinal SDH, and decided to perform a conservative treatment. At the follow up MRI scan after two weeks of treatment, the lesion still remained unchanged without any improvement of numbness, so we decided to operate.
Computed tomography (CT) presents calcified lesion on posterior portion in L1-2 disc level on sagittal (A) and axial (B) view. Any bony abnormalities or epidural gas are not detected.
Lumbar spinal MRI of the patient. A intradural mass with high signal intensity is demonstrated in T2 weighted sagittal (A) and axial (B) image. Intradural mass presents mild rim enhancement in gadolinium-enhanced T1 image (C) and heterogeneous low signal intensity with signal void in gradient echo image (D). Compared with previous lumbar spinal MRI, the height of L1-2 disc is decreased and the signal intensity of it is also deminished.
A subtotal laminectomy was performed at L1, which revealed an out-punching whitish soft particle on the dorsal dura. The particle was thought to be a ruptured disc material and removed gently, then sent for pathology. The pathologic results determined the particle to be degenerating fibrocartilagenous tissue corresponding to an intervertebral disc. After removing the extradural lesion, a midline durotomy was done from the dura defect uncovering large, cartilaginous disc particles in the middle of the intradural space (Fig. 4A). After removing the disc particles, a hard bony lesion remained adhesively to the ventral dura and a small ventral dura defect was identified around the bony lesion (Fig. 4B). The hard bony lesion was thought to be a calcified lesion at the posterior L1/2 intervertebral disc in his lumbar spinal CT scan. We tried to repair the dura defect to protect a leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), but the ventral dura tear could not be repaired due to its severe adhesion. A watertight closure on dorsal dura was performed. After the operation, the patient's numbness in his left leg has gradually improved. Two weeks after surgery, the patient was discharged from the hospital with free of symptoms.
Intraoperative findings after durotomy (A). Soft and whitish ruptured disc particle is identified among cauda equina. A hard bony spur (arrow head) was detected at the ventral side and a dural defect (arrow) was observed (B).
DISCUSSION
IDHs are rare clinical diagnoses that typically occur in patients aged in their fifties11). Dandy4) first reported an intradural lumbar disc herniation in 1942 and the incidence of IDHs is reported between 0.04 and 0.33% of all reported lumbar disc herniations9). The most common site of intradural lumbar disc herniations is the L4-5 (55%) area, followed by L3-4 (16%), and L5-S1 (10%), far fewer occur at L1-2 and L2-311,13,15). Furthermore, traumatic IDHs are rarer events and the incidence rate has not yet been reported in the literature. Most traumatic disc herniations in the lumbar spine frequently have severe bony injuries such as fractures and dislocations8). In our case, however, we found an IDH after a traumatic event without fractures or dislocations.
Although the mechanisms that cause disc herniations to pass the dura mater are unclear, the widely accepted hypothesis states that adhesion between the ventral dura and posterior-longitudinal ligament (PLL) leads to the successive perforation of these firmly adhesive tissues, including the annulus fibrosus, due to the increased intradiscal pressure1,4,9,10). Dandy4) explained that sudden pressure on the protruded disc might erode and then penetrate the overlying ventral dura. Other reports have suggested that dense adhesion, whether it is congenital or acquired, fixate the dural sac1,14).
Diagnosing an IDH is difficult due to its rarity. Diagnosis using radiological images is a difficult task, because lumbar IDHs can have various radiological and clinical features3,17). Furthermore, lesions may be ignored in simple radiography and CT scans, which are one of the most frequently used radiologic examinations in the diagnosis of spinal injuries. Several radiologic findings that suggest the presence of IDHs have been reported. Hidalgo-Ovejero et al.6) reported that the presence of epidural gas in a CT scan could be a clue of the presence of an IDH. In our case, however, we could not find epidural gas on the CT scan. Since Wasserstrom et al.18) made the first IDH diagnosis using a gadolinium-enhanced MRI in 1993, the rim enhancement of herniated discs has been accepted as a typical MRI finding in IDHs. Furthermore, Choi et al.2) presented the loss of PLL continuity and a sharp beak-like feature on a T2-weighted image as indicators of IDH. In our case, we also observed a peripheral rim enhancement pattern on the gadolinium-enhance T1 MRI, but it was not enough to consider the IDHs due to the small size of portion (Fig. 3C). Moreover, the loss of PLL continuity was not definite on our initial lumbar spine MRI. Therefore, our initial impression of the intradural mass at L1 was a spinal SDH, although a traumatic spinal SDH is also very rare12). On MRI, the spinal SDH yielded high signals on both T1 and T2, but the signal intensity of the spinal SDH on the MRI also depend on the duration7). In our case, the intradural lesion exhibited high signal-intensity on the T2 scan (Fig. 3A, B) and an isosignal on the T1 scan. On the GRE scan, however, the intradural lesion had a high signal-intensity with a low signal void inside the intradural lesion (Fig. 3D), thus we assumed it was a spinal SDH. An intradural abscess could be considered as another differential diagnosis, but we excluded it because there were no signs of infection such as fever or leukocytosis.
Additionally, the patient had visited our hospital six weeks previously for radiating pain in his right lower leg. At that time, the patient checked a lumbar MRI scan, and was diagnosed with a diffuse bulging disc in L4-5 and there was no intradural mass lesion. Compared with the MRI from that visit, de-novo intradural lesion was detected. Moreover, the height and the signal intensity of the intervertebral disc of L1-2 had decreased in the recent study (Figs. 1A and 3A). We assumed that a strong vertical pressure had been applied to cause the intervertebral disc rupture, then the ruptured particles penetrated the PLL, ventral dura, and through dorsal dura to the epidural space. According to the clues mentioned above, we could assume that the IDH developed from a trauma rather than a degenerative condition.
CONCLUSION
We experienced a rare case of a lumbar IDH after trauma without an accompanying bony fracture or dislocation. For patients with an intradural lesion at the lumbar spine after trauma, there may be various diseases that can be differentiated. As with the patient in this report, IDHs should be considered as differential diagnoses and prompt removal of the intradural mass is necessary.